Activities of Anna DEPARNAY-GRUNENBERG related to 2021/0201(COD)
Shadow opinions (1)
OPINION on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulations (EU) 2018/841 as regards the scope, simplifying the compliance rules, setting out the targets of the Member States for 2030 and committing to the collective achievement of climate neutrality by 2035 in the land use, forestry and agriculture sector, and (EU) 2018/1999 as regards improvement in monitoring, reporting, tracking of progress and review
Amendments (69)
Amendment 23 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 1
Recital 1
(1) The Paris Agreement, adopted in December 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into force in November 2016 (“the Paris Agreement”). Its Parties have agreed to holdn its 2018 Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1,5 °C above pre- industrial levels, in its 2019 Special Reports on Climate Change and Land and on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, and in its 2021 Report on the Physical Science Basis, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provided the latest scientific evidence on the impacts of climate change and illustrated the need to urgently reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in all sectors of the economy and to reverse the degradation of carbon sinks in order to limit global warming to 1,5 °C. By adopting the Glasgow Climate Pact of 2021, its Parties recognised that limiting the increase in the global average temperature well below 2 °C above pre- industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1,5 °C above pre-industrial levels would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change, and committed to strengthen their 2030 targets by the end of 2022 to close the ambition gap.
Amendment 24 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 1 a (new)
Recital 1 a (new)
(1a) In its 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, the Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES) provided the latest scientific evidence on the ongoing worldwide erosion of biodiversity, and stressed in particular that climate change is the third most important driver of biodiversity loss. The co-sponsored IPBES-IPCC workshop report on biodiversity and climate change of 10 June 2021 also highlighted that previous policies have largely tackled the problems of climate change and biodiversity loss independently, and called for policies that simultaneously address synergies between mitigating biodiversity loss and climate change, while also considering their societal impacts, in order to offer the opportunity to maximise co-benefits and help meet development aspirations for all.
Amendment 25 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 1 b (new)
Recital 1 b (new)
(1b) In its resolution of 28 November 2019 on the climate and environment emergency1a, the European Parliament urged the Commission to take immediate and ambitious action to limit global warming to 1,5 °C and to avoid massive biodiversity loss, including by addressing inconsistencies in current Union policies with the climate and environment emergency, in particular through a far reaching reform of its agricultural, trade, transport, energy and infrastructure investment policies, and by ensuring that all relevant future legislative and budgetary proposals are fully aligned with the objective of limiting global warming to under 1,5 °C and that they do not contribute to biodiversity loss. _________________ 1a OJ C 232, 16.6.2021, p. 28.
Amendment 26 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 2
Recital 2
(2) Taking a holistic approach to tackling climate and environmental-related challenges and reaching the objectives of the Paris Agreement while delivering on the oath to 'do no harm' to other environmental objectives of the Union are at the core of the Communication on ’The European Green Deal’, adopted by the Commission on 11 December 201928 . The necessity and value of the European Green Deal and of its holistic approach have only grown in light of the very severe effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health and economic well-being of the Union’s citizens. _________________ 28 COM(2019)640 final. It is therefore necessary to complement the accounting of GHG emissions and removals from the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector by introducing an obligation to do no significant harm to other environmental objectives, in particular the Union’s biodiversity objectives as set out in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and in the relevant Union legal acts, within the meaning of Article 17 of Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council 28a. _________________ 28 COM(2019)640 final. 28a Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2020 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment, and amending Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 (OJ L 198, 22.6.2020, p. 13).
Amendment 30 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 4
Recital 4
(4) In Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council30 , the Union has enshrined the target of economy-wide climate neutrality by 2050achieving an economy-wide balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gas emissions within the Union by 2050 at the latest in legislation. That Regulation also establishes a binding Union commitment to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions (emissions after deduction of removals) by at least 55 % below 1990 levels by 2030. All sectors of the economy are expected to contribute to achieving that target, including the land use, land use change and forestry sector. The contribution of net removals to the 2030 Union climate target is limited to 225 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. Iwith the highest priority being the maintenance and restoration of natural sinks alongside reduction of fossil emissions. Regarding the land use, land use change and forestry sector, care must be taken when advocating substituting fossil fuels completely with forest woody biomass. Currently, this has severe limitations because its over extraction leads to reduced sink function/capacity of forests and plantations, and also due to the extremely poor conversion efficiency. This leads to negative impacts both on climate and biodiversity, even twhen context of Regulation (EU) 2021/1119, the Commission reaffirmed in a corresponding statement its intention to propose a revision of Regulation (EU) 2018/841 ofmpared to coal, according to the Commission's JRC study of 20211a. The only scenario with neutral or positive biodiversity impact that has short-term carbon impacts is burning fine woody debris from coniferous forests, but even then, JRC state that enough of this material should be left onsite to maintain soil carbon and fertility, to maintain sink function. This poor performance exists despite the Ecuropean Parliament and of the Council31 , in line with the ambition to increase net carbon removals to levels above 300 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in the land use, land use change and forestry sector by 2030. _________________ 30 Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) (OJ L 243, 9.7.2021, p. 1).’. 31 Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on the inclusion of greenhouse gas emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry in the 2030 climate and energy framework, and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 and Decision No 529/2013/EU (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 1)rent levels of enforcement of "sustainable forest management", which needs serious enhancement to make intensive forestry reach sustainability in reality. It is to be welcomed that the Commission has begun work on enhancing SFM rules and definitions to actually ensure sinking and biodiversity protection. The contribution of net removals to the 2030 Union climate target is limited to 225 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent. When implementing the 2030 Union climate target, the relevant Union institutions and Member States also committed to prioritising swift and predictable emissions reductions and, at the same time, enhancing removals by natural sinks. In order to ensure that sufficient mitigation efforts are deployed by emitting sectors until 2030, the contribution of net removals to the 2030 Union climate target has been limited to 225 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent, without prejudice to the objective of enhancing its net carbon sink beyond that level in 2030 in view of achieving net zero climate-neutrality by 2050 at the latest. Because the causes of, and solutions for, reducing emissions and increasing sinks are so different between sectors, those are not easily comparable, and therefore each sector should achieve that target of net zero climate neutrality, including between the forestry and the agriculture sectors. _________________ 1a https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repos itory/bitstream/JRC122719/jrc-forest- bioenergy-study-2021-final_online.pdf). See page 9 for comparison of feedstocks and the poor climate and biodiversity performance of woody biomass. 30 Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) (OJ L 243, 9.7.2021, p. 1).’.
Amendment 37 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 4 a (new)
Recital 4 a (new)
(4a) Land should not be converted to accommodate the production of agricultural raw material for biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels.
Amendment 38 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 5
Recital 5
(5) In order to contribute to the increased ambition to reduce greenhouse gas net emissions from at least 40 % to at least 55 % below 1990 levelsensure that the LULUCF sector makes a sustainable and predictable long-term contribution to the Union climate-neutrality objective, binding annual targets for net greenhouse gas removals should be set out for each Member State in the land use, land use change and forestry sector inat sector in the period up to at least 2050, starting with the period from 2026 to 2030 (in analogy to the annual emission allocations set out in Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council32 ), resulting in a target of 31n intermediary target of at least 490 millions of tonnes CO2 equivalent of net removals for the Union as a whole in 2030. The methodology used to establish the national targets for 2030 should take into account the average greenhouse gas emissions and removals from the years 2016, 2017 and 2018, reported by each Member State, and reflect the current mitigation performance of the land use, land use change and forestry sector, and each Member State’s share of the managed land area in the Union, taking into account the capacity of that Member State to improve its performance in the sector via land management practices or changes in land use that benefit the climate and biodiversity. _________________ 32 Regulation (EU) 2018/842 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 on binding annual greenhouse gas emission reductions by Member States from 2021 to 2030 contributing to climate action to meet commitments under the Paris Agreement and amending Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 (OJ L 156, 19.6.2018, p. 26).
Amendment 45 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 5 a (new)
Recital 5 a (new)
Amendment 47 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 5 b (new)
Recital 5 b (new)
(5b) Using short-life products in order to sink carbon is also flawed, as by definition sequestration is sinking carbon to remove it from the atmospheric store, and short-lived products obviously do not keep carbon out of the atmospheric phase of the carbon cycle for long. Therefore, in order to avoid fraud, misspending of public funds and greenwashing, only longer life products proven to retain carbon sunk in a temporary store for at least 50 years could be included in the calculations and contribution to targets.
Amendment 50 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 6
Recital 6
(6) The binding annual targets for net greenhouse gas removals should be determined for each Member State by a linear trajectory. The trajectory should start in 2022, on the average of greenhouse gas emissions reported by that Member State during 2021, 2022 and 2023 and end in 2030 on the target set out for that Member State. For Member States that improve their methodology of calculating the emissions and removals, a concept of technical correction should be introduced, subject to independent scientific review. A technical correction should be added to the target of that Member State corresponding to the effect of the change inimproved accuracy in the methodology used on the targets and the efforts of the Member State to achieve them, in order to respect environmental integrity.
Amendment 53 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 6 a (new)
Recital 6 a (new)
(6a) In order to ensure that there is constant progress towards the target of net removals for the Union as a whole in 2030, Member States which fail to meet their annual targets in two consecutive years should revise their National Energy and Climate Plans and Long-term Strategies to ensure additional action is taken to enhance all sinks and reservoirs in a way that contributes to enhancing biodiversity, and to reduce the vulnerability of the land to natural disturbances.
Amendment 55 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 7
Recital 7
(7) The Communication of 17 September 2020 on Stepping up Europe’s 2030 climate ambition33 outlined andifferent pathways and policy options to combine agriculture non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions with land use, land use change and forestry net removals, thus creating a newly regulated land sector. Such combination can promote synergies between land-based mitigation actions and enable more intereach the Union's increased 2030 climate target. It stressed that reaching climate neutrality will require Union action to be significantly stepped up in all sectors of the economy. Progress in one sector cannot compensate for the lack of progress in other sectors. Moreover, removals of GHGs by natural carbon sinks are fragile and potentially reversible, which leads to increased uncertainty in measuring emissions and removals in the land sector compared to other sectors. The risk of reversal of removals by natural carbon sinks is further aggravated policymaking and policy implementation at national and Union level. To this end, the obligation for Member States to submit integrated mitigation plans for the land sector should be reinforced. _________________ 33 COM(2020) 562 final. by climate change. Climate science also shows that the climate response to emissions and removals is asymmetrical, meaning that one tonne of GHG emitted to the atmosphere cannot be compared to one tonne of GHG removed 33a. Therefore the objective of enhancing removals by natural carbon sinks should be pursued strictly separately from the objective of rapidly and drastically reducing GHG emissions from other sectors, including non-CO2 agricultural emissions. _________________ 33 COM(2020) 562 final. 33a Zickfeld K., Azevedo D., Mathesius S. et al. Asymmetry in the climate–carbon cycle response to positive and negative CO2 emissions. Nature Climate Change 11, 613–617 (2021).
Amendment 58 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 7 a (new)
Recital 7 a (new)
(7a) A review of the accuracy of reporting should take place, with the interest of comparing like emissions with like emissions and allowing therefore the grouping appropriate solutions and funding streams for them. Different gasses do not have the same origins, nor do they have the same solutions, therefore the IPCC methodology should be respected and distinct accounting categories per gas should be applied. This is entirely appropriate as there is not one common solution, nor does one size fit all problems. In addition, distinct categories of reporting per gas respect climate science and allow division between agricultural sources of gasses and non-agricultural ones, allowing appropriate Union funds to be firstly justified and secondly directed to them. Conversely, having all emissions from all sectors and sources in one category is not useful, not fair, not accurate and encourages fraud.
Amendment 62 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 8
Recital 8
(8) The landLULUCF sector has the potential to become rapidly climate-neutral by 2035 in a cost-effective manner, and subsequently gensubstantially increase the amount of net-removals in a cost-effective manner both in the short and longera te more greenhouse gas removals than emissions. A collective commitment aiming to achieve climate-neutrality in the land sector in 2035 at EU level can provide the needed planning certainty to drive land-based mitigation action in the short term, considering that it can take many years for such action to deliver the desired mitigation outcomes. Moreover, the land sector is projected to become the largest sector in the EU greenhouse gas flux profile in 2050. It is therefore particularly important to anchor that sector to a trajectory that can effectively deliver net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. By mid-2024, the Member States should submit their updated integrated national energy and climate plans in accordance with Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council34 . The plans should include relevant measures by which each Member State best contributes to the collective target of climate neutrality in the land sector at EU level in 2035. On the basis of these plans, the Commission should propose national targets, ensuring that the Union-wide greenhouse gas emissions and removals in the land use, land use change and forestry sector and the emissions from the agriculture non- CO2 sectors are at least balanced by 2035. Contrary to the EU level target of climate neutrality for the land sector by 2035, such national targets will be binding and enforceable on each Member State. _________________ 34 Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the rm. However, realising such potential requires a clear vision to be set out and concrete action to be stepped up already over the coming decade, otherwise the changes required after 2030 would have to happen unrealistically fast. In a change from current trends, land can be used sustainably in a way that prevents and minimises emissions as well as sinking carbon and favouring biodiversity, and these already existing practices and systems must be mainstreamed and supported using financial incentives. Metastudies comprising many tens of thousands of comparisons have shown these are most often productive and profitable, especially in the long term as they confer resilience and mulitfunctionality to the production systems 1a. It is therefore particularly important to anchor that sector to a trajectory that can effectively deliver net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. By mid-2024, the Member States should submit their updated integrated national energy and climate plans in accordance with Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council34 and these should be integrated with both the CAP review mechanism in its new performance model, of annual reporting and review and 2- yearly performance review. Whether Member States offer climate relevant measures to farmers and foresters, as well as rules to ensure efficacy of sequestration efforts and details of component practices, should also be checked by the Commission at the stage of the approval of the CAP strategic plans. At the end of the CAP programming period, the review of efficacy of spending and of measures and their component practices must also be integrated into the national climate and energy plans and their review. The plans should include relevant measures by which each Member State best contributes to the objective of ensuring a sustainable and predictable long-term contribution of natural carbon sinks to the Union’s climate-neutrality objective by 2050 at the latest. On the basis of these plans, and after taking into account the advice of the European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change and the Union GHG budget set out in Regulation (EU) 2021/1119, the Commission should propose Union and Member States targets for net GHG removals from the LULUCF sector for 2035, 2040, 2045 and 2050. In preparation for this, the Commission should assess unintended or unexpected impacts of climate policy on the environment, biodiversity and therefore agro-ecosystem function and so food production capacity as well as social impacts and income of land workers and associated businesses, to enable balanced achievement of the Union’s objectives in Articles 11, 39 and Title XX, Articles 191 to 193 TFEU. It is important that such national targets will be binding and enforceable on each Member State. Offsetting between sectors should not be permitted. _________________ 1a 1. Meta-study review by Tamburini et. al, 2020. “Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services without compromising yield.” Science Advances; Review of 98 meta-analyses based on 5160 original studies, comprising 41,946 comparisons. In 63% of cases, agroecology boosted biodiversity without any cost to yields, and in many cases, yields increased. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aba1 715 2. meta-study review by J.D. van der Ploeg et al, 2019. " The economic potential of agroecology: Empirical evidence from Europe ", Journal of Rural Studies, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.09. 003 34 Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, amending Regulations (EC) No 663/2009 and (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives 94/22/EC, 98/70/EC, 2009/31/EC, 2009/73/EC, 2010/31/EU, 2012/27/EU and 2013/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009/119/EC and (EU) 2015/652 and repealing Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 328, 21.12.2018, p.1).
Amendment 70 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 8 a (new)
Recital 8 a (new)
Amendment 74 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 10
Recital 10
(10) In order to enhance greenhouse gas removals, and move towards climate neutrality in each sector, including LULUCF, by 2030 and beyond, individual farmers or forest managers need a directshould be allowed to benefit from incentives to store more carbon on their land and their forests. New business models based on carbon farming incen while ensuring the protection of biodiversity and other societal co-benefits, through the promotion of ecosystem- based approaches and biodiversity- friendly practivces and on the certification of carbon removals need to be increasingly deployed in the period until 2030. Such incentives and business models will enhance climate mitigation in the. Public funding under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and other Union programs, such as LIFE, the Cohesion Funds, Horizon Europe, the Recovery and Resilience Fund, the Just Transition Fund, can already support ecosystem-based approaches in forests and agricultural lands and should be increased. Such incentives should also enhance climate mitigation in a fully circular and sustainably sourced bio- economy, including through the use of durable harvested wood products, in full respect of ecological principles fostering biodiversity and the circular economy. Hence, new categories of carbon storage products should be introduced . Any proposals of the Commission on carbon farming should be based on solid body of peer-reviewed science as regards the effectiveness of the component practices to sequester and retain carbon or reduce emissions of GHGs, with scrutiny by the Court of Auditors and Ombudsman and the Parliament's Committee on Budgetary Control including assessment of veracity of certification schemes especially if Union funds are used to establish these. Short-lived carbon storage products should not be considered for inclusion in the target calculation or funding addition to the harvested wood products. The emerging business models, farming and land management practices to enhance removals contribute to a balanced territorial development and economic growth in rural areas. They also create opportunities for new jobs and provide incentives for relevant training, reskilling and upskilling. s by definition they do not sink carbon for long enough. Retaining the existing harvested wood products category without new additions will avoid administrative burden, additional costs of controls and risk of fraud. Sinking of carbon into products where there is a genuine, verifiable and long-term carbon sequestration effect of more than 50 years, proven by a solid body of peer reviewed scientific evidence could be explored by the Commission. Such incentives also create opportunities for new jobs and provide incentives for relevant training, reskilling and upskilling. To avoid fraudulent payment for carbon claimed to be, but not in reality, sunk, it is indispensable that forest and agricultural land management systems and production systems have clear and enforceable rules that can actually ensure sustainability and a net carbon sequestration benefit, with no negative impacts on the environment and biodiversity.
Amendment 101 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 15
Recital 15
(15) In view of setting out the net greenhouse gas removals targets for the Member States for the period from 2026 to 2030, the Commission should exercise a comprehensive review to verify the greenhouse gas inventory data for the years 2021, 2022 and 2023. For this purpose, a comprehensive review should be carried out in 2025 to assess the progress towards the 2030 target and the overall trajectory to the 2050 commitment of the Paris Agreement, increasing ambition if needed, in addition to the comprehensive reviews that the Commission is to carry out in 2027 and 2032 in accordance with Article 38 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999. Those reviews should also consider unintended or unexpected impacts of climate policy on the environment, biodiversity and therefore agro-ecosystem function and so food production capacity as well as social impacts and income of land workers and associated businesses, to enable balanced achievement of the Union’s objectives in Articles 11, 39 and Title XX, Articles 191 to 193 TFEU.
Amendment 106 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 1
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 1
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point c
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point c
(c) a Union target for net greenhouse gas removals in the land use, land use change and forestry sector for the period from 2026 to 2030, including a sub-target for reaching a balance at Union level between emissions and removals from cropland, grassland and wetlands by 2030 and achieving negative emissions in those categories thereafter;
Amendment 109 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 1
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 1
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point d
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point d
(d) targets for net greenhouse gas removals in the land use, land use change and forestry sector for Member States for the period from 2026 to 2030, including sub-targets concerning cropland, grasslands and wetlands;
Amendment 111 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 1
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 1
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point d a (new)
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point d a (new)
(da) commitments of the relevant Union institutions and Member States to take the necessary measures for enhancing net greenhouse gas removals in the LULUCF sector from 2031 and onwards so as to contribute to Article 5(1) of the Paris Agreement and ensure a sustainable and predictable long-term contribution of natural sinks to the Union’s climate-neutrality objective by 2050 at the latest and to achieving negative emissions thereafter, as set out in Regulation (EU) 2021/1119;
Amendment 116 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 1
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 1
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point e
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point e
Amendment 121 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 2 – paragraph 2 – introductory part
Article 2 – paragraph 2 – introductory part
2. This Regulation also applies to emissions and removals of the greenhouse gases listed in Section A of Annex I, reported pursuant to Article 26(4) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and occurring on the territories of Member States in the period from 2026 to 2030onwards, in any of the following land reporting categories and/or sectors:
Amendment 122 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 1 – paragraph 2 – point g
Article 1 – paragraph 2 – point g
(g) harvested wood products proven to sink carbon long term;
Amendment 125 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 2 – paragraph 3
Article 2 – paragraph 3
Amendment 128 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 2 – paragraph 3 – point e
Article 2 – paragraph 3 – point e
(e) prescribed burning of savannas;
Amendment 129 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 2 – paragraph 3 a (new)
Article 2 – paragraph 3 a (new)
3a. Before 2025, the Commission shall: - assess the extent of agricultural methane emission and the scope for its reduction before 2030 at the latest; - publish what practices can be used to achieve such emission reduction and where they can be used; - ensure that Member States have included those practices in their CAP Strategic Plans, and where missing, engage with Member States to retroactively include them; - assess the success, uptake and efficacy of those practices and accompany Member States through the performance framework of the new CAP delivery model in years 2024 and 2026 (Article 135 SPR) and yearly (Articles 134 and 136 SPR); - ensure publication of these results to ensure institutional and scientific scrutiny.
Amendment 130 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 2 – paragraph 3 b (new)
Article 2 – paragraph 3 b (new)
3b. In achieving a balanced respect of TFEU objectives in its Articles 11, 39 and Title XX, Articles 191 to 193, the Commission shall ensure that all sectors in all Member States play their fair part in the Union effort, with no leakage between sectors or Member States or displacement effects, to avoid negative impacts on food production and supply, and on climate and biodiversity.
Amendment 131 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2 a (new)
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 2 a (new)
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point 10 a (new)
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – point 10 a (new)
Amendment 135 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 4 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1
Article 4 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1
2. The 2030 Union target for net greenhouse gas removals is 31at least 490 million tonnes CO2 equivalent as a sum of the Member States targets established in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article, and shall be based on the average of its greenhouse gas inventory data for the years 2016, 2017 and 2018. To contribute to that target, emissions and removals of greenhouse gases from cropland, grassland and wetlands shall be balanced at Union level by 2030, and reach negative levels thereafter.
Amendment 144 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 4 – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1
Article 4 – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1
3. The Commission shall adopt implementing acts setting out the annual targetsdelegated acts in accordance with Article 16 to supplement this Regulation by setting out the annual targets for the LULUCF sector, including annual sub- targets for cropland, grassland and wetlands, based on the linear trajectory for net greenhouse gas removals for each Member State, for each year in the period from 2026 to 2029 in terms of tonnes CO2 equivalent. These national trajectories shall be based on the average greenhouse gas inventory data for the years 2021, 2022 and 2023, reported by each Member State. The value of the 31at least 490 million tonnes CO2 equivalent net removals as a sum of the targets for Member States set out in Annex IIa may be subject to a technical correction due to a change of methodology by Member States, subject to independent expert review confirming the necessity and proportionality of the technical correction based on the improved accuracy of the data monitored and reported. The method for determination of the technical correction to be added to the targets of the Member States and for the independent expert review, shall be set out in these implementingdelegated acts. For the purpose of those implementingdelegated acts, the Commission shall carry out a comprehensive review of the most recent national inventory data for the years 2021, 2022 and 2023 submitted by Member States pursuant to Article 26(4) of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999.
Amendment 151 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 4 – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2
Article 4 – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2
Amendment 153 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 4 – paragraph 3 a (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 3 a (new)
Amendment 156 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 4 – paragraph 4
Article 4 – paragraph 4
Amendment 162 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 4 – paragraph 4 – subparagraph 2
Article 4 – paragraph 4 – subparagraph 2
Amendment 165 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 4 – paragraph 4 a (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 4 a (new)
4a. Member States shall ensure that measures taken to meet their national targets as referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article do not significantly harm other Union environmental objectives, in particular Union biodiversity objectives as set out in the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and in the relevant legislation, within the meaning of Article 17 of Regulation (EU) 2020/852. The Commission is empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 16 to supplement this Regulation by specifying common rules and methodologies to achieve the objective set out in this paragraph, including minimum criteria for the inclusion of biodiversity monitoring in National Forest Inventories or other land monitoring systems.
Amendment 170 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3 a (new)
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 3 a (new)
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 4 a (new)
Article 4 a (new)
Amendment 173 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 7 – point b
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 7 – point b
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 9 – paragraph 2
Article 9 – paragraph 2
2. The Commission shall adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 16 in order to amend paragraph 1 of this Article and Annex V by adding new categories of carboincluding only long life harvested wood products that have been proven storage products, including harvested wood products, that have a carbon sequestration effect, based on IPCC Guidelines as adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC or the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, and ensuring environmental integrity.; be kept out of the atmospheric portion of the carbon cycle for more than 50 years, so that they have a genuine, verifiable and long-term carbon sequestration effect, based on a solid body of peer reviewed scientific evidence and therefore the IPCC Guidelines as adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC or the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, and ensuring environmental integrity, notably avoiding negative impacts on biodiversity and agro- ecosystems therefore also food production capacity. Such a science- and evidence-based life cycle approach should therefore mean that shorter-lived products are not counted as emission reductions, as by definition they are short lived so do not store carbon for long. Rather their constituent carbon is contributing to warming.;
Amendment 180 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 7 – point b
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 7 – point b
Regulation EU 2018/841
Article 9 – paragraph 2 a (new)
Article 9 – paragraph 2 a (new)
2a. The Commission shall ensure that any products included under reductions have a genuine and long term or permanent sequestering effect, based on a solid body of peer-reviewed scientific evidence, in order to avoid fraud. The Commission shall also ensure that no funds are disbursed to damaging or harmful practices, following the “do no harm” approach. Scientific and institutional scrutiny shall be ensured in order to protect against fraud.
Amendment 181 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 7 – point b
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 7 – point b
Regulation EU 2018/841
Article 9 – paragraph 2 b (new)
Article 9 – paragraph 2 b (new)
Amendment 182 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 9 – point a
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 9 – point a
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 11 – title
Article 11 – title
Amendment 183 #
(aa) the following paragraph is inserted: ‘-1. If a Member State fails to meet its annual target as set out in Article 4(3) of this Regulation for two consecutive years, it shall amend its National Energy and Climate Plan and Long-term Strategy as referred to in Articles 3 and 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999, and adopt additional measures to enhance all land sinks and reservoirs in a way that contributes to enhancing biodiversity, and to reduce the vulnerability of the land to natural disturbances. Such amendment shall be completed within six months of the second year in which the Member State concerned failed to meet its annual target. The Commission may issue recommendations identifying how the National Energy and Climate Plans and the Long-term Strategy of the Member State concerned should be revised. The Commission shall make such recommendations publicly available. The Member State concerned shall notify the revised National Energy and Climate Plan and Long-term Strategy to the Commission accompanied by a statement setting out how the proposed revision will remedy non-compliance with the annual targets and how the Commission's recommendations have been taken into account. Where the Commission finds that the revised National Energy and Climate Plan or the Long-term Strategy have been insufficiently amended to meet the annual targets of the Member State concerned, the Commission may open an infringement procedure in accordance with the TEU and TFEU.’;
Amendment 184 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 10 – point -a (new)
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 10 – point -a (new)
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 12 – paragraph 1
Article 12 – paragraph 1
(-a) Paragraph 1 is deleted;
Amendment 185 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 10 – point -a a (new)
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 10 – point -a a (new)
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 12 – paragraph 2
Article 12 – paragraph 2
(-aa) Paragraph 2 is replaced by the following: “2. To the extent that total removals exceed total emissions in a Member State for the period from 2021 to 2025, or that net greenhouse gas removals in 2030 in a Member State exceed the 2030 target set out for that Member State in Annex IIa, that Member State may transfer the remaining quantity of removals to another Member State subject to the payment by the recipient Member State of at least EUR 250 per tonne of transferred removals. The quantity transferred shall be taken into account when assessing the recipient Member State's compliance with its 2030 target as set out in Annex IIa.’;
Amendment 188 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 10 – point b
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 10 – point b
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 12 –paragraph 5
Article 12 –paragraph 5
Amendment 191 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 11
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 11
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point a
Article 13 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point a
(a) the Member State has included in its strategy submitted in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 ongoing or planned specific measures to ensure the conservation or enhancement, as appropriate, of forest sinks and reservoirs in a way that contributes to enhancing biodiversity, and to increase resilience, reducing the vulnerability of the land to natural disturbances and climate change shocks; and
Amendment 192 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 11
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 11
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point a a (new)
Article 13 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 – point a a (new)
Amendment 194 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 11 Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 11 Regulation (EU) 2018/841
When assessing whether, within the Union, total emissions exceed total removals as referred to in the first subparagraph, point (b), the Commission shall ensure that double counting is avoided by Member States, in particular in the exercise of the flexibilities set out in Article 12 of this Regulation and Articles 7(1) or 9(2) of Regulation (EU) 2018/842.
Amendment 196 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 12
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 12
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13a – paragraph 1 – point a
Article 13a – paragraph 1 – point a
(a) Finland included in its strategy submitted in accordance with Article 15 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 ongoing or planned specific measures to ensure the conservation or enhancement, as appropriate, of forest sinks and reservoirs in a way that contributes to enhancing biodiversity, and to reduce the vulnerability of the land to natural disturbances;
Amendment 197 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 12
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 12
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13a – paragraph 1 – point a a (new)
Article 13a – paragraph 1 – point a a (new)
(aa) there is a positive trend in relation to Finland concerning the conservation of habitats under Directives 92/43/EEC and 2009/147/EC;
Amendment 199 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – title
Article 13b – title
Amendment 200 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 1
Article 13b – paragraph 1
1. A land use flexibilnatural disturbances solidarity mechanism corresponding to a quantity of up to 1789 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent shall be established in the Union Registry established pursuant to Article 40 of Regulation (EU) No 2018/1999, subject to the fulfilment of the Union target referred to in Article 4(2). The flexibilnatural disturbances solidarity mechanism shall be available in addition to the flexibilities provided for in Article 12.
Amendment 204 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – introductory part
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – introductory part
3. Where, in the period from 2026 to 2030, the result of the calculation referred to in paragraph 2 is positive, the Member State concerned shall be entitled to compensate the excess emissionsmay use the natural disturbances solidarity mechanism set out in this Article provided that the following conditions are fulfilled:
Amendment 205 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point –a (new)
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point –a (new)
Amendment 206 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point a
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point a
(a) the Member State has included in its updatedeffectively revised its integrated national energy and climate plan submitted pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 ongoing or planned specific measures to ensure the conservation or enhancement, as appropriate, of all land sinks and reservoirsand long-term strategy pursuant to Article 11(-1) and has adopted new measures to enhance all land sinks and reservoirs in a way that contributes to enhancing biodiversity, and to reduce the vulnerability of the land to natural disturbances;
Amendment 207 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point b
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point b
(b) the Member State has exhausted all other flexibilities available pursuant to this Article 12 of this Regulation or Article 7(1) of Regulation (EU) 2018/842;
Amendment 208 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point b a (new)
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point b a (new)
(ba) there is a positive trend in relation to the Member State concerning the conservation status of habitats under Directives 92/43/EEC and 2009/147/EC;
Amendment 209 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point c
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 – point c
(c) the difference in the Union between the annual sum of all greenhouse gas emissions and removals on its territory and in all of the land reporting categories referred to in Article 2(2), points (a) to (j), and the Union target [of 31at least 490 million tonnes CO2 equivalent of net removals] is negative and after all the other flexibilities available pursuant to Article 12 have been exhausted, in the period from 2026 to 2030.
Amendment 214 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2
Article 13b – paragraph 3 – subparagraph 2
Amendment 215 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 13
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13b – paragraph 5
Article 13b – paragraph 5
Amendment 218 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 14
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 14
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 13c – paragraph 1
Article 13c – paragraph 1
If, as a result of the comprehensive review carried out by the Commission in 2032 pursuant to Article 14(2), the Commission finds that the reviewed greenhouse gas emissions and removals of a Member State in 2032 exceed the annual targets of that Member State for any specific year of the period 2026 to 2030, taking into account the flexibilities used pursuant to Articles 12 and 13b, the following measures shall apply:
Amendment 222 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 15
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 15
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 14 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point a
Article 14 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 – point a
(a) the policies and measures regarding trade-offs in order to obtain balanced achievement of the Union’s objectives set out in Articles 11, 39 and Title XX, Articles 191 to 193 TFEU;
Amendment 228 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 17
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 17
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 16a
Article 16a
Amendment 229 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 18
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 18
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 17 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1
Article 17 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1
2. The Commission shall submit a report to the European Parliament and to the Council, no later than six months after […]each global stocktake agreed under Article 14 of the Paris Agreement, on the operation of this Regulation, including, where relevant, an assessment of the impacts of the flexibilities referred to in Article 11, as well as on the contribution of this Regulation to the Union’s overall 2030 greenhouse gas emission reduction target on the necessary increase in greenhouse gas emissions reductions and removals in the Union, as well as on the contribution of this Regulation to the Union’s climate neutrality objective and intermediary climate targets set out in Regulation (EU) 2021/1119, to the goals of the Paris Agreement, and its contribution to othe goals of the Paris Agreement, in particular with regard to the need for additional Union policies and measures, in view of the necessary increase in greenhouse gas emissions reductions and removals in the Union. r Union objectives and measures such as the 8th Environmental Action Programme, the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and the EU nature restoration targets. The report shall assess in particular the need for additional Union policies and measures, in particular taking into account any future improvement of the monitoring, data collection and reporting system concerning forests in the Union as announced under the new EU Forest Strategy for 2030, and in view of the necessary increase in greenhouse gas emissions reductions and removals in the Union and of the objective to protect and restore biodiversity and to ensure resilient and functioning ecosystems. The report shall take into account the best available and most recent scientific evidence, including the latest reports of the IPCC, IPBES and of the European Scientific Advisory Board on Climate Change referred to in Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2021/1119.
Amendment 233 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 18
Article 1 – paragraph 1 – point 18
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Article 17 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2
Article 17 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 2
Following the report, the Commission shall make legislative proposals where it deems it appropriate. In particular, the proposals shall set out annual targets and governance aiming towards the 2035 climate-neutrality target as laid downdditional Union policies and measures based on robust scientific methodologies to achieve the post-2030 LULUCF targets referred to in Article 4(43), additional Union policies and measures, and a post-2035 framework, including innd extend the scope of theis Regulation to include greenhouse gas emissions and removals from additional sectors, such as the marine and freshwater environmentthe marine, coastal and freshwater ecosystems, and to set additional net removals targets for those ecosystems.;
Amendment 236 #
Proposal for a regulation
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 2
Regulation (EU) 2018/1999
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point a – point 1 – point ii
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point a – point 1 – point ii
the Member State’s commitments and national targets for net greenhouse gas removals pursuant to Article 4(1) and (2) of Regulation (EU) 2018/841 and its contributions aim towards reaching the Union objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2035 and achieving negative emissions thereafter towards the overall trajectory of the 2050 commitment of the Paris Agreement pursuant to Article 4(4) of that Regulation;;
Amendment 247 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex
Annex
Regulation (EU) 2018/841
Annex IIa
Annex IIa
Amendment 252 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex III
Annex III
Regulation (EU) 2018/1999
Annex V – Part 3 – paragraph 1 – point a
Annex V – Part 3 – paragraph 1 – point a
(a) a system for the monitoring of land use units withcomprising high-carbon stock land, using categories as defined in: - Article 29(4) of Directive 2018/2001;, namely land that had one of the following statuses in January 2008: (a) wetlands, namely land that is covered with or saturated by water permanently or for a significant part of the year; (b) continuously forested areas; (c) land with a canopy cover of between 10 % and 30 %. - Article 29(5) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001, namely: (a) land that was peatland in January 2008.
Amendment 253 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex III
Annex III
Regulation (EU) 2018/1999
Annex V – Part 3 – paragraph 1 – point b – indent 1
Annex V – Part 3 – paragraph 1 – point b – indent 1
— Land with a high biodiversity value as defined in Article 29(3) of Directive 2018/2001;categories as defined in Article 29(3) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001 with a high biodiversity value, namely: (a) primary forest old-growth forests, and other wooded land, namely forest and other wooded land of native species; (b) highly biodiverse forest and other wooded land which is species-rich, or has been identified as being highly biodiverse; (c) areas designated: (i) by law or by the relevant competent authority for nature protection purposes; or (ii) for the protection of rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems or species recognised by international agreements or included in lists drawn up by intergovernmental organisations or IUCN; (d) highly biodiverse grassland, including wooded meadows and pastures, that is: (i) natural, namely grassland that would remain grassland in the absence of human intervention and that maintains the natural species composition and ecological characteristics and processes; or (ii) non-natural, namely grassland that would cease to be grassland in the absence of human intervention and that is species-rich and has been identified as being highly biodiverse.
Amendment 257 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex III
Annex III
Regulation (EU) 2018/1999
Annex V – Part 3 – paragraph 4
Annex V – Part 3 – paragraph 4
Member States shall from 2026 for all carbon pool emission and removal estimates falling in areas of high carbon stock land use units referred to in point (ca) above, areas of land use units under protection or under restoration referred to in points (db) and (ec) above, and areas of land use units under high future climate risks referred to in point (fd) above, apply Tier 3 methodology, in accordance with the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories.’.