Activities of Johannes BLOKLAND related to 2008/0013(COD)
Plenary speeches (1)
Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading system (debate)
Amendments (39)
Amendment 67 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 9
Recital 9
(9) The Community scheme should be extended to other installations whose emissions are capable of being monitored, reported and verified at reasonable administrative cost with the same level of accuracy as applies under the monitoring, reporting and verification requirements currently applicable.
Amendment 68 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 9 a (new)
Recital 9 a (new)
(9a) Although greenhouse gas emissions from road transport and shipping are still increasing, more detailed analysis, including a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis, is needed in order to allow the Commission to decide whether emissions trading is the most appropriate means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in these sectors. In addition, the Commission must decide which emissions trading system is the most effective for the sectors referred to above: the EU ETS or a separate system (which may or may not be linked to the EU ETS). Emissions from road transport and shipping are therefore not included in this proposal. In 2010 the Commission will submit a proposal indicating whether or not these sectors are to be included in the EU ETS.
Amendment 69 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 10
Recital 10
(10) Where equivalent measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in particular taxation, are in place for small stationary installations whose emissions do not exceed a threshold of 10 000 tonnes of CO2 per year, there should be a procedure for enabling Member States to exclude such small stationary installations from the emissions trading system for so long as those measures are applied. This threshold relatively offers the maximum gain in terms of reduction of administrative costs for each tonne excluded from the system, for reasons of administrative simplicity. As a consequence of the move from five-year allocation periods, and in order to increase certainty and predictability, provisions should be set on the frequency of revision of greenhouse gas emission permits.
Amendment 86 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 12
Recital 12
(12) This contribution is equivalent to a reduction of emissions in 2020 in the Community scheme of 21% below reported 2005 levels, including the effect of the increased scope from the period 2005 to 2007 to the period 2008 to 2012 and the 2005 emission figures for the trading sector used for the assessment of the Bulgarian and Romanian national allocation plan for the period 2008 to 2012, leading to an issue of a maximum of 1 720 million allowances in the year 2020. Exact quantities of emissions will be calculated once Member States have issued allowances pursuant to Commission Decisions on their national allocation plans for the period 2008 to 2012, as the approval of allocations to some installations was contingent upon their emissions having been substantiated and verified. Once the issue of allowances for the period 2008 to 2012 has taken place, the Commission will publish the Community-wide quantity. Adjustments should be made to the Community-wide quantity in relation to installations which are included in or excluded from the Community scheme during the period 2008 to 2012 or from 2013 onwards.
Amendment 93 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 15
Recital 15
(15) Given the considerable efforts of combating climate change and of adapting to its inevitable effects, it is appropriate that at least 20% of the proceeds from the auctioning of allowances should be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to adapt to the impacts of climate change, to fund research and development for reducing emissions and adaptation, to develop renewable energies to meet the EU’s commitment to using 20% renewable energies by 2020, to meet the commitment of the Community to increase energy efficiency by 20% by 2020, for the capture and geological storage of greenhouse gases, to contribute to the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, for measures to avoid deforestation and facilitate adaptation in developing countries, and for addressing social aspects such as possible increases in electricity prices in lower and middle income householdIn order to minimise the overall economic impact of the Community scheme, it is important that 80 % of the proceeds from the auctioning of allowances will flow back into the European economies. Member States should be allowed to use the revenues to compensate consumers for higher prices and companies for higher costs through e.g. reductions of distortionary taxes. Social aspects could also be addressed. Given the considerable efforts of combating climate change and of adapting to its inevitable effects, it is appropriate that 20% of the proceeds from the auctioning of allowances should be used for measures to avoid deforestation and to stimulate afforestation and reforestation, to adapt to the impacts of climate change in the EU region, for the capture and geological storage of greenhouse gases and to facilitate adaptation in developing countries. This proportion is significantly below the expected net revenues for public authorities from auctioning, taking into account potentially reduced income from corporate taxes. In addition, proceeds from auctioning of allowances should be used to cover administrative expenses of the management of the Community scheme. Provisions should be included on monitoring the use of funds from auctioning for these purposes. Such notification does not release Member States from the obligation laid down in Article 88(3) of the Treaty, to notify certain national measures. The Directive does not prejudice the outcome of any future State aid procedures that may be undertaken in accordance with Articles 87 and 88 of the Treaty.
Amendment 109 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 15 a (new)
Recital 15 a (new)
(15a) Given that the auctioning revenues earmarked for deforestation, afforestation and reforestation will not suffice to halt worldwide deforestation, additional measures may be needed.
Amendment 111 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 16
Recital 16
(16) Consequently, full auctioning should be the rule from 2013 onwards for the power sector, taking into account their ability to pass on the increased cost of CO2, and no free allocation should be given for carbon capture and storage as the incentive for this arises from allowances not being required to be surrendered in respect of emissions which are stored. Electricity generators mayshould receive free allowances for heat or cooling produced through high efficiency cogeneration as defined by Directive 2004/8/EC inf the event that such heat producheat or cooling is supplied byto installations in other sectors were to be given free allocations, in order to avoid distorthat face a risk of carbon leakage. Allocation of allowances to heat or cooling producers should be the same as the allocations of competitionallowances in the sectors that use the heat or cooling.
Amendment 135 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 17
Recital 17
(17) For all other sectors covered by the Community scheme, a transitional system should be foreseen for which free allocation in 2013 would be 80% of the amount that correspemission rights will be fully auctionded to the percentage of the overall Community- wide emissions throughout the period 2005 to 2007 that those installations emitted as a proportion of the annual Community-wide total quantity of allowances. Thereafter, the free allocation should decrease each year by equal amounts resulting in no free allocation in 2020as of 2013 provided that an international agreement is reached.
Amendment 137 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 17 a (new)
Recital 17 a (new)
(17a) In the absence of an international agreement, a different system should be foreseen for those sectors that face a real risk of carbon leakage. In order to address this risk, these exposed sectors should receive free allowances up to 80% of their average emissions from 2005 to 2007.
Amendment 140 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 18
Recital 18
(18) Transitional fFree allocation to installations in exposed sectors should be provided for through harmonised Community-wide rules ("benchmarks") in order to minimise distortions of competition within the Community. These rules should take account of the most greenhouse gas and energy efficient techniques, substitutes, alternative production processes, use of biomass, renewables and greenhouse gas capture and storage. Any such rules should not give incentives to increase emissions and ensure that an increasing proportion of these allowances is auctioned. Allocations must be fixed prior to the trading period so as to enable the market to function properly. They shall also avoid undue distortions of competition on the markets for electricity and heat supplied to industrial installations. These rules should apply to new entrants carrying out the same activities as existing installations receiving transitional free allocations. To avoid any distortion of competition within the internal market, no free allocation should be made in respect of the production of electricity by new entrants. Allowances which remain in the set-aside for new entrants in 2020 should be auctioned.
Amendment 162 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 19
Recital 19
(19) The Community will continue to take the lead in the negotiation of an ambitious international agreement that will achieve the objective of limiting global temperature increase to 2°C and is encouraged by the progress made in Bali towards this objective. In the event that other developed countries and other major emitters of greenhouse gases do not participate in this international agreement, this could lead to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions in third countries where industry would not be subject to comparable carbon constraints (“carbon leakage”), and at the same time could put certain energy- intensive sectors and sub-sectors in the Community which are subject to international competition at an economic disadvantage. This could undermine the environmental integrity and benefit of actions by the Community. To address the risk of carbon leakage, the Community will allocate allowances free of charge up to 100% to sectors or sub-sectors meeting the relevant criteria. The definition of these sectors and sub-sectors and the measures requiredhe definition of these exposed sectors and sub-sectors will be subject to re- assessment to ensure that action is taken where necessary and to avoid overcompensation. For tThose specific sectors or sub-sectors where it can be duly substantiated that there is a risk of carbon leakage cannot be prevented otherwise,d where electricity constitutes a high proportion of production costs and is produced efficiently, the action taken may may receive up to 80% free allocation to take into account the electricity consumption in the production process, without changing the total quantity of allowances.
Amendment 174 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 20
Recital 20
(20) The Commission should therefore review the situation by June 2011 at the latest, consult with all relevant social partners, and, in the light of the outcome of the international negotiations, submit a report accompanied by any appropriate proposals. In this context, the Commission should identify which energy intensive industry sectors or sub-sectors are likely to be subject to carbon leakage not later than 30 June 2010. It should base its analysis on the assessment of the inability to pass on the cost of required allowances in product prices without significant loss of market share to installations outside the Community not taking comparable action to reduce emissions. Energy-intensive industries which are determined to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage could receive a higher amount of free allocation or an effective carbon equalisation system could be introduced with a view to putting installations from the Community which are at significant risk of carbon leakage and those from third countries on a comparable footing. Such a system could apply requirements to importers that would be no less favourable than those applicable to installations within the EU, for example by requiring the surrender of allowances. Any action taken would need to be in conformity with the principles of the UNFCCC, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, taking into account the particular situation of Least Developed Countries. It would also need to be in conformity with the international obligations of the Community including the WTO agreement.
Amendment 199 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 24
Recital 24
(24) Least Developed Countries are especially vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and are responsible only for a very low level of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, particular priority should be given to addressing the needs of Least Developed Countries when revenues generated from auctioning are used to facilitate developing countries' adaptation to the impacts of climate change. Given that very few CDM projects have been established in those countries, it is appropriate to give certainty on the acceptance of credits from projects started there after 2012, even in the absence of an international agreement, when these projects are clearly additional and contribute to sustainable development. This entitlement should apply to Least Developed Countries until 2020 provided that they have by then either ratified a global agreement on climate change or a bilateral or multilateral agreement with the Community.
Amendment 209 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 33
Recital 33
Amendment 214 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Recital 34
Recital 34
(34) The measures necessary for the implementation of this Directive should be adopted in accordance with Council Decision 1999/468/EC of 28 June 1999 laying down the procedures for the exercise of implementing powers conferred on the Commission. In particular power should be conferred on the Commission to adopt measures for the auctioning of allowances, for transitional Community- wide allocation of allowancesfree allocation of allowances for exposed sectors if no international agreement is reached, for the monitoring, reporting and verification of emissions, for the accreditation of verifiers and for implementing harmonised rules for projects. Since those measures are of general scope and are designed to amend non-essential elements of this Directive and to supplement this Directive by the addition or modification of new non- essential elements, they should be adopted in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny provided for in Article 5a of Decision 1999/468/EC.
Amendment 239 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 2 – point (b)
Article 1 – point 2 – point (b)
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 3 – point (h)
Article 3 – point (h)
(h) 'new entrant' means any installation carrying out one or more of the activities indicated in Annex I, which has obtained a greenhouse gas emission permit subsequent to the submission to the Commission of the list referred to in Article 11(1) or which has obtained an update of its greenhouse gas emission permit because of an extension of at least 10% of the production capacity of the installation;
Amendment 248 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 2 – point (c)
Article 1 – point 2 – point (c)
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 3 – point [(u)]
Article 3 – point [(u)]
[(u)] 'Electricity generator' means an installation that, on or after 1 January 2005, has produceds electricity for sale to third parties, and which is only covered by the category 'Supply of power or heat' in Annex I.
Amendment 253 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 2 – point (c)
Article 1 – point 2 – point (c)
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 3 – point [(v)] (new)
Article 3 – point [(v)] (new)
[(v)] ‘Gold Standard type projects’ means projects that meet the standards developed by the Gold Standard Foundation;
Amendment 254 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 2 – point (c)
Article 1 – point 2 – point (c)
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 3 – point [(w)] (new)
Article 3 – point [(w)] (new)
[(w)] ‘Carbon leakage’ means that production that is directly related to this Directive is relocated outside the EU. This can be through relocation of plants, in which case carbon leakage occurs irrespective of the relative efficiency of the new plant compared to plant it replaced in the EU, or through import substitution when European products are replaced by foreign goods that are produced by installations with a higher CO2 intensity;
Amendment 289 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 6
Article 1 – point 6
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 9a – paragraph 3
Article 9a – paragraph 3
3. In respect of installations that are excluded from the Community scheme, pursuant to Article 27 or due to closure, the total quantity of allowances shall be reduced accordingly. The Commission shall publish the adjusted quantities referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2.
Amendment 303 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - Point 7
Article 1 - Point 7
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10 - paragraph 2 - point a
Article 10 - paragraph 2 - point a
(a) 90% of the total quantity of allowances to be auctioned being distributed amongst Member States in shares that are identical to the share of average verified emissions under the Community scheme in 2005- 2007 of the Member State concerned;
Amendment 307 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - Point 7
Article 1 - Point 7
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10 - paragraph 2
Article 10 - paragraph 2
For the purposes of point (a), in respect of Member States which did not participate in the Community scheme in 2005 or 2006, their share shall be calculated using their verified Community scheme emissions under the Community scheme in 2007.
Amendment 310 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - Point 7
Article 1 - Point 7
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10 - paragraph 3
Article 10 - paragraph 3
3. At least 280% of the revenues generated from the auctioning of allowances referred to in paragraph 2, including all revenues from the auctioning referred to in point (b) thereof, shouldall be used for the following: (a) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including by contributing to the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, to adapt to the impacts of climate change and to fund research and development for reducing emissions and adapting, including participation in initiatives within the framework of European Strategic Energy Technology Plan; (b) to develop renewable energies to meet the commitment of the Community to using 20% renewable energies by 2020, and to meet the commitment of the Community to increase energy efficiency by 20% by 2020; (c) for the capture and geological storage of greenhouse gases, in particular from coal power stations;to reduce possible negative economic impacts of the Community scheme. Member States may use the revenues to compensate consumers for higher prices and companies for higher costs. Social aspects such as possible increases in electricity prices in lower and middle income households may also be addressed. 20% of the revenues generated from the auctioning of allowances referred to in paragraph 2, including all revenues from the auctioning referred to in point (b) thereof, should be used for the following, in order of priority: (da) for measures to avoid deforestation, in particular in Least Developed Countries; (e), and stimulate afforestation and reforestation; (b) to adapt to the impacts of climate change and to facilitate developing countries' adaptation to the impacts of climate change; (fc) to address social aspects in lower and middle income households, for example by increasing their energy efficiency and insulfor temporary support for the capture and geological storage of greenhouse gases, in particular from coal power stations; and (gd) to cover administrative expenses of the management of the Community scheme.
Amendment 365 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – title
Article 10a – title
Amendment 366 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 1
Article 10a – paragraph 1
1. The Commission shall, by 30 June 2011, adopt Community wide and fully harmonised implementing measures for allocating the allowances referred to in paragraphs 2 to 6 and 8 in a harmonised manner, unless an international agreement is reached by then. Free allocation shall only be provided for in respect of those sectors that have been identified as exposed to the risk of carbon leakage based on the criteria set out in paragraph 9. Those measures, designed to amend non- essential elements of this Directive by supplementing it, shall be adopted in accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred to in Article [23(3)]. The measures referred to in the first subparagraph shall, to the extent feasible, ensure that allocation takes place in a manner that gives incentives for greenhouse gas and energy efficient techniques and for reductions in emissions, by taking account of the most efficient techniques, substitutes, alternative production processes, use of biomass and greenhouse gas capture and storage, and shall not give incentives to increase emissions. No free allocation shall be made in respect of any electricity production. The Commission shall, upon the conclusion by the Community of an international agreement on climate change leading to mandatory reductions of greenhouse gas emissions comparable to those of the Community, review those measures to provide that free allocation only takes place where this is fully justified in the light of that agreementavoid free allocation and strive for full auctioning by 2013.
Amendment 424 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 2
Article 10a – paragraph 2
2. Subject to paragraph 3, nNo free allocation shall be given to electricity generators, to installations for the capture, pipelines for the transport or to storage sites for greenhouse gas emissions or auto-generators for the production of power.
Amendment 449 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 3
Article 10a – paragraph 3
3. Free allocation mayshall be given to electricity generators in respect of the production of heat and cooling through high efficiency cogeneration as defined by Directive 2004/8/EC for economically justifiable demand to ensure equal treatment with regard to other producers of heat. In each year subsequent to 2013, the total allocation to such installations in respect of the production of that heat shall be adjusted by the linear factor referred to in Article 9. when needed to ensure equal treatment with regard to other producers of heat, provided this heat or cooling is used in sectors that face a risk of carbon leakage. Allocation of allowances to heat or cooling producers should be the same as the allocation of allowances in the sectors that use the heat or cooling.
Amendment 463 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 3 a (new)
Article 10a – paragraph 3 a (new)
3a. If a Member State does not achieve its annual reduction target under the [effort sharing decision] as specified in Article 3 and the Annex of that Decision, an amount of allowances, equivalent to the emission reduction shortfall for that year, shall be withheld in the CITL and not be issued to the Member States concerned. The allowances that are withheld in the CITL can be distributed to other Member States.
Amendment 465 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 3 b (new)
Article 10a – paragraph 3 b (new)
3b. If a Member State refuses to pay a fine under the compliance mechanism of the [effort sharing decision] as specified in Article 3 of that Decision, an amount of allowances, equivalent to the emission reduction shortfall for that year, shall be withheld in the CITL and not be issued to the Member States concerned until the Member State pays the determined fine.
Amendment 468 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 4
Article 10a – paragraph 4
4. The maximum amount of allowances that is the basis for calculating allocations to installations which carry out activities in 2013 and received a free allocation in the period 2008 to 2012 shall not exceed, as a proportion of the annual Community-wide total quantity, the percentage of the corresponding emissions in the period 2005 to 2007 that those installations emitted. A uniform cross-sectoral correction factor shall be applied where necessary.
Amendment 507 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 7
Article 10a – paragraph 7
Amendment 526 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 – point 8
Article 1 – point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a – paragraph 8
Article 10a – paragraph 8
8. In 2013 and in each subsequent year up to 2020, installations in sectors which are exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage shall be allocated allowances free of charge up to 10080 % percent of the quantity determined in accordance with paragraphs 2 to 6. Free allocation at installation level shall be based on a benchmark in terms of tonnes CO2-eq per unit of product output. Other design features of the benchmark are subject to paragraph 1. Those specific sectors or sub-sectors where it can be duly substantiated that there is risk of carbon leakage and where electricity constitutes a high proportion of production costs and is produced efficiently, may receive up to 80% free allocation to take into account the electricity consumption in the production process, without changing the total quantity of allowances.
Amendment 572 #
Proposal for a regulation – amending act
Article 1 - point 8
Article 1 - point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10a - paragraph 9 - point c
Article 10a - paragraph 9 - point c
(c) market structure, relevant geographic and product market, the exposure of the sectors to international competition, taking into account factors that influence the potential of import penetration;
Amendment 582 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - point 8
Article 1 - point 8
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 10b
Article 10b
Amendment 621 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - point 9
Article 1 - point 9
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 11 - paragraph 2 - subparagraph 2
Article 11 - paragraph 2 - subparagraph 2
An installation which ceases to operate shall receive no further free allowances and must return a proportional amount of free allowances that have already been awarded to it.
Amendment 628 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - point 9
Article 1 - point 9
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 11a - paragraph 1 a (new)
Article 11a - paragraph 1 a (new)
1a. In order to guarantee that CDM projects are clearly additional and contribute to sustainable development, the Commission should only allow Gold Standard type projects. Paragraphs 2 to 7 are subject to this requirement.
Amendment 629 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - point 9
Article 1 - point 9
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 11a - paragraph 1 b (new)
Article 11a - paragraph 1 b (new)
1b. Representatives of the Commission and the European Parliament should be part of the Gold Standard Board in order to safeguard the accountability of future developments in the Gold Standard quality standards.
Amendment 766 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - point 21
Article 1 - point 21
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 28 - paragraph 3
Article 28 - paragraph 3
3. Operators may usonly use Gold Standard type CERs, ERUs or other credits approved in accordance with paragraph 4 from third countries which have concluded the international agreement, up to half of the reduction taking place in accordance with paragraph 2.
Amendment 773 #
Proposal for a directive – amending act
Article 1 - point 21
Article 1 - point 21
Directive 2003/87/EC
Article 28 - paragraph 4 a (new)
Article 28 - paragraph 4 a (new)
4a. Upon the conclusion by the Community of a comprehensive international agreement on climate change leading to mandatory reductions of greenhouse gas emissions, all allowances shall be auctioned and Articles 10a and 10b shall not be applied. Failing the conclusion of a comprehensive international agreement on climate change, all allowances shall be auctioned except for those sectors which have been identified as being exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage.