58 Amendments of Iratxe GARCÍA PÉREZ related to 2014/2152(INI)
Amendment 15 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital A
Recital A
A. whereas the right to equal treatment is a defining rightfundamental right recognised in the Treaties of the European Union which is deeply rooted in European society and is essential for the further development of this society and should apply bothin legislation, in practice, in case law and in real life;
Amendment 21 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital B
Recital B
B. whereas under the previous Commission strategy attained some of the goals that had been set, but f were attailned to achieve, but full gender equality was not achieved, while evidence for the interaction of various forms of discrimination, precise targets and effective evaluation measures were often lacking and gender mainstreaming continued to be applied only to a limited extent;
Amendment 22 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital C
Recital C
C. whereas gender equality is a basic value of the EU recognised in the Treaties and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and is essential as a strategic objective to achieve the overall EU objectives, such as the employment rate target within the Europe 2020 strategy;
Amendment 31 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D
Recital D
D. whereas the economic and political situation in Europe can only be maintainimproved and the consequences of demographic change averted if the talent and potential of all women and men is used;
Amendment 33 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D a (new)
Recital D a (new)
D a. whereas we cannot remain tied to redundant, environmentally unsustainable economic models based on an outdated distribution of work along gender lines which has been superseded by the integration of women in the labour market; whereas we need a new, socially sustainable model based on knowledge and innovation that incorporates the full range of women’s talent in the productive fabric, redresses the balance of responsibility between men and women in the public and private spheres and harmonises the personal and working lives of workers of both genders;
Amendment 36 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D b (new)
Recital D b (new)
D b. whereas providing access to affordable, high-quality childcare and support services for the elderly and other dependants is essential for ensuring the equal participation of men and women in the labour market, education and training;
Amendment 41 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital F
Recital F
F. whereas one in two women experiences one or more forms of sexual harassment in the cours, according to the FRA survey carried out in March 2014, one in three women in the EU has been a victim of physical or sexual violence, one in five has suffered physical violence since the age of 15, almost one in two has suffered psychological violence and one in two women suffers one or more forms of sexual harassment; whereas violence against women is the most widespread human-rights violation in the world, affecting all levels of society, irrespective of age, education, income, social status and country of origin or residence, and carrying serious physical and psychological consequences, including death – despite which it is one of ther life least reported crimes; whereas violence against women is also one of the main barriers to genuine gender equality and a life free of violence and characterised by self- determination is a prerequisite for the full participation of women in society;
Amendment 48 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G
Recital G
G. whereas, owing to traditional structures deep-rooted societal stereotypes and tax disincentives, women have often had second-earner status imposed on them, in the form of segregation in the labour market, an incomplete employment history and gender-specific wage inequality,; and whereas also unpaid care, nursingchildcare, nursing of the elderly and other dependants and domestic work is performed much more frequently by women who thuserefore have less time available to pursue paid work, which in turn results in a much lower pension, which is why the compatibility of work and family life, in particular to achieve the objectives of the Europe 2020 strategy, should continue to be supported by practical measures, a process in which men in particular need to become more involved;
Amendment 55 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H
Recital H
H. whereas positions of power and decision-making are occupied almost exclusively by men, and women are therefore severely limited in their ability to wield influence; whereas that lack of female responsibility represents a lack of democratic legitimacy in decision-making, given that women make up half of the population;
Amendment 59 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H a (new)
Recital H a (new)
H a. whereas positive action in support of women has proven to be essential to their full integration in the labour market, political and economic decision-making and society in general;
Amendment 64 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital I
Recital I
I. whereas the face of poverty in Europe is female, and it is particularly single mothers, young and old women who are affected by poverty and social exclusion, a situation aggravated by the crisis and specific austerity measures because, job insecurity, part-time jobs, low wages and pensions, the difficulty of accessing basic social and health services, and the fact that it is particularly public sector jobs and services in the care sector that are being eliminated;
Amendment 73 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital I a (new)
Recital I a (new)
I a. whereas traditional gender roles and stereotypes still exert a great deal of influence over the division of labour in the home, in education, in careers, in the workplace and in society in general;
Amendment 90 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital K
Recital K
K. whereas the roles of girls and boys are being strengthened by stereotypes in education materials and structures in educational institutions, and their choices are being thereby limited, and these role patterns are being further reinforced especially by media representationsre are still educational institutions that employ gender segregation, and education materials often contain stereotypes that help to perpetuate the separation of the traditional roles assigned to girls and boys, which has a negative influence on their choices; whereas these role patterns are being further reinforced especially by representations and the image of women transmitted by the media, information available on the internet and advertising;
Amendment 96 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital L
Recital L
L. whereas the EU has a responsibility and a role as model for gender equality world- wide, gender equality, the fight against gender violence and the empowerment of women are essential if the international development goals are to be attained and for a successful EU foreign policy and, development cooperation and international trade policies; whereas, moreover, women all over the world are especially affected by the consequences of climate, environmental and energy policies;
Amendment 106 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital M a (new)
Recital M a (new)
M a. whereas the breakdown of data by gender is a vital tool for achieving genuine progress and efficiently evaluating results;
Amendment 109 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital M b (new)
Recital M b (new)
M b. whereas existing challenges and the experience acquired show that the lack of a coherent policy between the different areas has made it difficult to achieve gender equality in the past and that a suitable proportion of funds and better coordination, broadcasting and promotion of women’s rights are needed, taking into account the varying situations;
Amendment 111 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital M c (new)
Recital M c (new)
M c. whereas women are often subjected to serial discrimination on the grounds of gender, age (particularly in the case of older women), disability, ethnic origin or race, religion, nationality, immigrant status, socio-economic situation, sexual orientation and/or gender identity, and that serial discrimination gives rise to a number of obstacles to empowering and improving the social status of women;
Amendment 115 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 1
1. Calls on the Commission to draw up and adopt a new strategy for gender equality between women and men in Europe aimed at eliminating discrimination against all women and men in their diversity (ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, religion, nationality and age); , and to maintain the priority areas of the previous strategy (economic independence, equal remuneration, equality in decision- making, dignity, integrity and an end to sexist violence, equality in external action and horizontal issues) with a view to ending all forms of discrimination suffered by women in the labour market, wages, pensions, decision-making, access to goods and services, reconciliation of family and working life, etc., and all forms of violence against women; also calls on the Commission to develop a broader equality strategy aimed at eliminating discrimination against all women and men in their diversity (ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, gender identity, disability, religion, nationality and age); to that effect, urges the Council to reach a common position as soon as possible on the proposal for a Council directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age, gender or sexual orientation, which has been blocked since its adoption by Parliament in April 2009;
Amendment 123 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1 a (new)
Paragraph 1 a (new)
1 a. Underlines the importance of incorporating disability issues into gender policies, programmes and measures to strengthen recognition and understanding of the cross-cutting nature of gender and disability issues in the EU and in Union and Member States policy and law; believes that women with disabilities should be invited to work with the corresponding authorities as consultants, advisors or experts; regrets that the Strategy for equality between women and men 2010-2015 does not specifically address disability, despite the fact that women with disabilities are often in a less favourable situation than men with disabilities and are more exposed to the risk of poverty and social exclusion; in that sense also regrets that the European Disability Strategy 2010-2020 also does not include an integrated perspective on gender or a separate chapter dedicated to disability policies with a special focus on gender;
Amendment 126 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1 b (new)
Paragraph 1 b (new)
1 b. Stresses that the future Strategy for equality between women and men should pay special attention to women with special needs and older women, women from ethnic minorities, female immigrants, women with low qualifications, single mothers, especially the poorest, women with disabilities, lesbians and transsexuals, etc., because they are often subjected to serial discrimination as they are women with special characteristics and suffer from prejudice, stereotyping, racism, xenophobia, homophobia and gender violence, which has a negative impact on their chances of genuine integration in society;
Amendment 129 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Calls on the Commission, to involve civil society and the social partners, in a structured way in the development and continuous evaluation of the strategyparticular the organisations that work in the field of defending and protecting women’s rights and empowering women, in the development and continuous evaluation of the strategy; underscores the importance of negotiation and collective agreements to the fight against discrimination against women, especially as regards access to jobs, wages, working conditions, career progress and professional training;
Amendment 130 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2 a (new)
Paragraph 2 a (new)
2 a. Insists that efforts at national and EU level need to be increased to combat the persistence of stereotypes through awareness-raising campaigns aimed at all levels of society, greater involvement of the media, strategies for encouraging women to choose careers and professions in which they are less well represented and the incorporation of gender issues into primary and secondary education and education materials;
Amendment 131 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2 b (new)
Paragraph 2 b (new)
2 b. Calls on the Commission, in assessing the application of Directive 2004/113/EC implementing the principle of equal treatment of men and women in the access to and supply of goods and services, to take into account instances of discrimination relating to pregnancy, breastfeeding, maternity planning and maternity, e.g. in connection with housing (renting), difficulties in obtaining loans, access to health services and products, in particular legally available reproductive care and sex change treatments;
Amendment 137 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Calls on the Commission to make clear the EU role that it wishes to play in the world and in working with the Member States with regard to the promotion of gender equality and to pursue these goals both through the concept of gender mainstreaming in all areas and through individual targeted and specific actions; stresses the need to integrate gender perspective and the fight against gender violence in EU foreign policy, development cooperation policy and international trade policy and safeguard the necessary financial instruments and human resources;
Amendment 144 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Calls on the CommissionRegrets once again that the 2020 Strategy did not satisfactorily include gender perspective, and therefore calls on the Commission and the Council to ensure that gender equality is incorporated in all the programmes, actions and initiatives launched under said Strategy and to introduce a specific pillar for equality between women and men in the Europe 2020 strategy, to consider the objectives of the future strategy as an aspect of the European Semester and to insert a gender perspective in the country-specific recommendations and the Annual Growth Survey;
Amendment 151 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Calls on the Commission to gather gender-specific data in alland the Member States to gather, analyse and publish reliable statistical data broken down by gender and gender quality indicators in order to make it possible to analyse the design and application of gender equality strategies in the EU and the Member States, update said strategies and assess the application of the incorporation of gender issues in all national and Union policy areas;
Amendment 170 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7 a (new)
Paragraph 7 a (new)
7 a. Calls on the Commission to present a comprehensive strategy against gender- based violence that contains a binding legislative act as soon as possible; calls on the Council of the EU to apply the ‘passerelle clause’ and adopt a unanimous decision defining gender violence as one of the areas of crime listed in Article 83(1) TFEU, as it concerns the trafficking of human beings and the sexual exploitation of women and girls;
Amendment 171 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7 b (new)
Paragraph 7 b (new)
7 b. Calls on the Commission to include in the future Strategy for equality between men and women a definition of gender violence in line with the provisions of Directive 2012/29/EU establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of the victims of crime: ‘Violence that is directed against a person because of that person’s gender, gender identity or gender expression or that affects persons of a particular gender disproportionately, is understood as gender-based violence. It may result in physical, sexual, emotional or psychological harm, or economic loss, to the victim. Gender-based violence is understood to be a form of discrimination and a violation of the fundamental freedoms of the victim and includes violence in close relationships, sexual violence (including rape, sexual assault and harassment), trafficking in human beings, slavery, and different forms of harmful practices, such as forced marriages, female genital mutilation and so-called ‘honour crimes’. Women victims of gender-based violence and their children often require special support and protection because of the high risk of secondary and repeat victimisation, of intimidation and of retaliation connected with such violence’.
Amendment 173 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8
Paragraph 8
8. Calls on the Commission to assess the possibility of the EU adhering to the Istanbul Convention, and to promote the ratification of the Istanbul Convention by the Member States through the new strategy and to work actively for its ratification by the EU with a view to combating violence against women; calls on the Member States to sign and ratify the Istanbul Convention as soon as possible;
Amendment 181 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
10. Considers it urgently necessary to further monitor the transposition and implementation of the Directive establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, the Regulation on mutual recognition of protection measures in civil matters and the Directive on the European Protection Order up to 2015 and beyond;
Amendment 187 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11
Paragraph 11
11. Calls on the Commission to enshrine ‘zero tolerance’ campaigns in the strategy and to push forward the debate in the Member States about the origins of violence and abuse and the reasons why women resort to prostitution and emphasises the importance of including men more specifically in the fight against violence against women; calls on the Member States to implement preventive steps such as combating chauvinist stereotypes and discriminatory socio-cultural attitudes from primary school onwards and take action to combat all forms of violence against women, protect abused women and duly punish the offenders;
Amendment 194 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11 a (new)
Paragraph 11 a (new)
11 a. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to explore the reasons why women resort to prostitution and ways to discourage demand, since as long as there is a demand for prostitution, there will always be prostitutes, and worse still, the mafia will continue trafficking in and sexually exploiting human beings;
Amendment 199 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12
Paragraph 12
12. Calls on the Commission to adopt a new strategy to combat human trafficking after the current strategy expires, and monitor the application of the Directive on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings and protecting its victims;
Amendment 211 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 a (new)
Paragraph 13 a (new)
13 a. Calls on the Commission, once again, to establish as soon as possible a European Observatory on Violence against Women on the premises of the European Institute for Gender Equality and directed by a EU Coordinator on violence against women and girls;
Amendment 227 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14 a (new)
Paragraph 14 a (new)
14a. Emphasises that improving the balance between family, personal and work life is an important element for economic recovery, sustainable demography and personal and social well- being;
Amendment 231 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Calls on the Commission to monitor the attainment of the Barcelona objectives and to continue to support Member States in creating high quality and affordable child care with reasonable hours of attendance; emphasises in this connection the importance of increasing the availability, quality and accessibility of affordable nursing and care services for children, the elderly and persons requiring special care, ensuring that the availability of such services is compatible with full- time working hours for both women and men;
Amendment 234 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15 a (new)
Paragraph 15 a (new)
15a. Draws attention to the fact that despite the Community funding available (to support Member States in developing child care facilities and promoting employment for women, EUR 3.2 billion was allocated from the 2007-13 Structural Funds), some Member States have made budget cuts that are affecting the availability (closure of day care nurseries), quality (understaffing) and increased cost of child care services with the subsequent negative impact on reconciling family and work life, which affects women particularly;
Amendment 238 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16
Paragraph 16
16. Stresses the importance of flexible forms of work in allowing women, but more especially and men, to reconcile work and family life, provided that the worker is free to make the choice and is not obliged to choose this modality against their will; and instructs the Commission to coordinate and promote exchanges of best practices; stresses in this connection the need for awareness campaigns for the equal division of domestic work and care and nursing, for the inclusion of men and the introduction of paternity leave of at least 10 days and parental leave to be divided between both parents;
Amendment 247 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 a (new)
Paragraph 16 a (new)
16a. Points out that although part-time work, which in the majority is done by women (32.0 % of women work part-time, compared with 8.2 % of men), can make it easier to reconcile family and work life, it is no less true that it also involves fewer career opportunities, lower pay and pensions, under-utilisation of human capital and, consequently, lower economic growth and prosperity; also points out that it is often much more difficult for women than for men to switch from part- time to full-time contracts;
Amendment 262 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19 a (new)
Paragraph 19 a (new)
19a. Draws attention once again to the fact that although Community regulations explicitly prohibit gender-based pay discrimination for equal work or work of equal value, there is still a gender pay gap that has hardly been reduced in recent years, despite the actions taken and measures applied in this respect, and that has even increased in recent years in some Member States; asks the Commission and Member States to strengthen the existing legislation with new measures to increase pay transparency and to apply sanctions such as fines, sentences and disqualification from receiving State aid, with the objective of reducing and ultimately eliminating pay differences between men and women;
Amendment 269 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19 b (new)
Paragraph 19 b (new)
19b. Emphasises that women continue to experience greater job insecurity than men, and this is reflected in their lower rate of activity, lower rate of employment, higher rate of unemployment and pay inequality; also points out that job insecurity has increased as a result of the crisis.
Amendment 271 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19 c (new)
Paragraph 19 c (new)
19c. Asks the Commission and Member States to adopt measures to combat the horizontal segregation of the labour market (women are concentrated in a much more limited number of sectors and professions than men, and these sectors and professions tend in general to be poorer paid and less valued), and vertical segregation (women’s jobs are poorer paid and they encounter more obstacles to their professional development); highlights in this connection that the proven effectiveness of the fight against sexist stereotypes and the application of positive measures to encourage women’s participation in professions in which they are under-represented and in decision- making, and in particular the use of compulsory quotas;
Amendment 273 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19 d (new)
Paragraph 19 d (new)
19d. Stresses the importance of developing the legal concept of shared ownership at European Union level in order to ensure full recognition of women’s rights in the agricultural sector, adequate protection in the field of social security and the recognition of women’s work;
Amendment 274 #
Motion for a resolution
Subheading 4
Subheading 4
Amendment 278 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 20
Paragraph 20
20. Calls on the Commission to includepresent specific measures in the Strategy to promote the equalbalanced representation of women and men in leadership positions in the strategy and to support the Council in the negotiations for the adoption; asks the Council to reach a common position as soon as possible ofn the Ddraft directive for a balanced representation of men and women on supervisory boardto improve the gender balance among non-executive directors of listed companies and to expand the scope of this Directive to include executive boarddirectors;
Amendment 283 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 20 a (new)
Paragraph 20 a (new)
20a. Draws attention to the imbalance there is in the participation of men and women in decision-making in politics, government and economics, and to the fact that the obstacles to women’s participation can be attributed to a combination of gender-based discrimination and stereotyped behaviours that still tend to persist in business, politics and society; emphasises that it is difficult to believe that there are not sufficient women with excellent academic records and professional careers and that therefore the greater presence of men can be justified in this way, particularly when 60 % of university graduates are women;
Amendment 284 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 20 b (new)
Paragraph 20 b (new)
20b. Points out that the biggest increase by far in the proportion of women on corporate boards has occurred in countries that have already adopted legislation on compulsory quotas, and that in Member States in which no compulsory measures have been implemented, companies are still a long way from achieving an acceptable gender balance; emphasises, therefore, that the positive effects of binding targets are tangible proof that companies can comply with measures intended to guarantee balanced recruitment from a gender point of view;
Amendment 290 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21
Paragraph 21
21. Calls on the Commission to create incentives for Member States to obtain a more balanced representation of women and men inMember States to strive to obtain equality (not more than 60% nor less than 40% of each sex) in municipal councils, regional and national parliaments and in the Commission and emphasises in this connection the importEuropean Parliament, requiring parties to present gender-balance ofd electoral lists that alternating by gender and of proposing both ae men and womaen and a man candidate for senior EUin the starting positions;
Amendment 293 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21 a (new)
Paragraph 21 a (new)
21a. Stresses that in the period 2003-2013 the average increase in female participation in the national parliaments of countries without quota legislation was only 3.5 percentage points, compared with the average of 10.3 percentage points in countries that had had quota legislation in place for more than one parliamentary term; consequently highlights the importance of quotas for increasing the presence of women in political decision- making; encourages the Commission and Member States, within the framework of the new Strategy, to consider the possibility of establishing binding measures in this respect;
Amendment 299 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22 a (new)
Paragraph 22 a (new)
22a. Asks public and private organisations to introduce those equality plans in their internal regulations, accompanying them with specific short-, medium- and long-term targets, and to conduct annual assessments on the effective achievement of those targets;
Amendment 321 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24 a (new)
Paragraph 24 a (new)
24a. Calls on the Commission to promote, among Member States, the allocation of sustainable funding to organisations and agencies dedicated to helping girls & women at risk of violence.
Amendment 323 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 25
Paragraph 25
25. Stresses the importance of publishexchanging best practice examples and initiatives so as to counteract the tendency towards de- skilling and to improve the recognition of diplomas and qualifications, because otherwise the skills, especially of women migrants, which are of great importance for, increase their skills or provide them with training that will enable them to rejoin the labour market after caring exclusively for their children or other dependants; also emphasises the importance of improving and facilitating the recognition of diplomas and qualifications, to prevent the skills of well- qualified women being underused, which is often the case of women migrants; though many of them are university graduates they find themselves employed as domestic workers, and this has a negative impact on their personal and professional development and their emotional state, and also has a negative impact on the economic, political and social development of the Member States and the EU, will remain unused;
Amendment 365 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 29 a (new)
Paragraph 29 a (new)
29a. Stresses that Member States should ensure that commercial audiovisual communications do not contain any sex discrimination, or humiliating depictions of women, and that instead they promote the equivalence of the roles of women and men in society; they should also improve women’s access to the media and, in particular, to the decision-making structures of those media;
Amendment 404 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 34
Paragraph 34
34. UnderscoAsks the Commission to ensures that universal access to sexual and reproductive health and the associated rights is a fundamental human right, and calls on the Commission to ensuEuropean development cooperation follows an approach that is based on human rights, particularly gender equality, training for women, combating all forms of violence against women and eradicating child labour; underscores that European development cooperation follows an approach based on auniversal access to health, in particular sexual and reproductive health and the associated rights is a fundamental human rights;, and emphasises the importance of family planning services, information and education to reduce maternal and infant mortality and eliminate female genital mutilation, child-bride and forced marriages, selective, gender-based abortion and forced sterilisation;
Amendment 409 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 34 a (new)
Paragraph 34 a (new)
34a. Underscores that it is absolutely necessary to integrate the gender perspective in all elements of food safety programming because women are responsible for 80 % of agriculture in Africa;
Amendment 419 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 35 a (new)
Paragraph 35 a (new)
35a. Urges the Commission to recognise that placing girls at the forefront of global development delivers a framework for ensuring that girls´ human rights are respected, promoted and fulfilled. Hence, the Commission should include the ´Girl Declaration´ and its aims at the centre of the post-2015 gender equality strategy
Amendment 422 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 36 a (new)
Paragraph 36 a (new)
36a. Points out that although there are gender advisers in both the military and civil crisis management missions in which the European Union takes part, the number of women involved in operations and missions, at all levels of decision- making, and in the negotiations of peace and reconstruction processes still needs to be increased;
Amendment 441 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 39 a (new)
Paragraph 39 a (new)
39a. Asks the European institutions to incorporate the gender perspective in the Community budget procedure for the purpose not only of analysing the programmes that are especially directed at women, but also of examining all Community programmes and policies, their impact on the allocation of resources and their contribution to equality between men and women; asks the Court of Auditors also to incorporate the gender perspective when assessing the execution of the Union budget; asks Member States similarly to introduce the gender dimension in their budgets in order to analyse government programmes and policies, their impact on the allocation of resources and their contribution to equality between men and women;