Activities of Vittorio PRODI related to 2011/0401(COD)
Shadow opinions (1)
OPINION on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing Horizon 2020 - The Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020)
Amendments (36)
Amendment 43 #
Proposal for a regulation
Recital 21
Recital 21
(21) The implementation of Horizon 2020 should respond to the evolving opportunities and needs from science and technology, industry, policies and society, society and environment. As such, the agendas should be set in close liaison with stakeholders from all sectors concerned, and sufficient flexibility should be allowed for new developments. External advice should be sought on a continuous basis during Horizon 2020, also making use of relevant structures such as European Technology Platforms, Joint Programming Initiatives and the European Innovation Partnerships.
Amendment 168 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part I – point 2.1 – introductory paragraph
Annex I – part I – point 2.1 – introductory paragraph
The specific objective is to foster radically new technologies by exploring novel and high-risk ideas building on scientific foundations. Bfoundations, including expanding the understanding of human disease and toxicity pathways and the application of human-relevant cellular, genomic and computational tools and technologies in EU health research and risk assessment strategies, by providing flexible support to goal-oriented and interdisciplinary collaborative research on various scales and by adopting innovative research practices, the aim is to identify and seize opportunities of long-term benefit for citizens, the economy and society.
Amendment 174 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part II – point 1 – introductory paragraph
Annex I – part II – point 1 – introductory paragraph
The specific objective is to maintain and build global leadership in enabling technologies and space research and innovation, which underpin competitiveness across a range of existing and emerging industries and sectors, including leadership through health research funding to advance human- relevant research such as – omics, computational, and other innovative, non- animal tools and technologies to further define human disease pathways as a basis for drug development and safety testing.
Amendment 206 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part II – point 1.4.3. – point c – paragraph 1
Annex I – part II – point 1.4.3. – point c – paragraph 1
Development of platform technologies (e.g. genomics, meta-genomics, proteomics,computational chemistry and systems biology, genomics, meta-genomics, proteomics, high-throughput in-vitro platforms, human-on-a-chip, and molecular tools) to enhance leadership and competitive advantage in a wide number of economic sectors.
Amendment 224 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 1.1 – paragraph 1
Annex I – part III – point 1.1 – paragraph 1
Lifelong health and wellbeing for all, inclusive, high- quality and economically sustainable health and care systems, and opportunities for new jobs and growth are the aims of support to research and innovation in response to this challenge and will make a major contribution to Europe 2020.
Amendment 263 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 1.2 – paragraph 2
Annex I – part III – point 1.2 – paragraph 2
The response depends on excellence in research to improve our fundamental understanding of health, disease, disability, development and ageing (including of life expectancy), and on the seamless and widespread translation of the resulting and existing knowledge into innovative, scalable and effective products, strategies, interventions and services. In particular, a large-scale human biology-based research effort is needed to discover the key events in the biological pathway between early disruptions in genetic and cellular processes and the manifestation of adverse human health outcomes. Furthermore, the pertinence of these challenges across Europe and in many cases, globally, demands a response characterised by long term and coordinated support for co- operation between excellent, multidisciplinary and multi-sector teams.
Amendment 291 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 1.3 – paragraph 5
Annex I – part III – point 1.3 – paragraph 5
Specific activities shall include: understanding the determinants of health (including environmental and climate related factors), improving health promotion and disease prevention; understanding disease and improving diagnosispathways of human disease and toxicity and improving diagnosis and understanding of biomarkers and modes of action; developing effective screening programmes and improving the assessment of disease susceptibility; improving surveillance and preparedness; developing better preventive vaccines; using in-silico medicine for improving disease management and prediction; treating disease; transferring knowledge to clinical practice and scalable innovation actions; better use of health data; active ageing, independent and assisted living; individual empowerment for self-management of health; promotion of integrated care; improving scientific tools and methods that are relevant to understanding human health and disease to support policy making and regulatory needs; and optimising the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems and reducing inequalities by evidence based decision making and dissemination of best practice, and innovative technologies and approaches.
Amendment 302 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 2.1 – introductory paragraph
Annex I – part III – point 2.1 – introductory paragraph
The specific objective is to secure sufficient supplies of safe and high quality food and other bio-based products, by developing productive and resource- efficient primary production systems which respect biodiversity, fostering related ecosystem services, along side competitive and low carbon supply chains. This will accelerate the transition to a sustainable European bio-economy.
Amendment 306 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 2.1 – paragraph 1
Annex I – part III – point 2.1 – paragraph 1
Over the coming decades, Europe will be challenged by increased competition for limited and finite natural resources, by the effects of climate change, in particular on primary production systems (agriculture, forestry, fisheries and aquaculture) and by the need to provide a sustainable, safe and secure food supply for the European and an increasing global population. A 70 % increase of the world food supply is estimated to be required to feed the 9 billion global population by 2050. Agriculture accounts for about 10 % of Union greenhouse gases emissions, and while declining in Europe, global emissions from agriculture are projected to increase up to 20 % by 2030. Furthermore, Europe will need to ensure sufficient supplies of raw materials, energy and industrial products, under conditions of decreasing fossil carbon resources (oil and liquid gas production expected to decrease by about 60 % by 2050), while maintaining its competitiveness. Bio-waste (estimated at up to 138 million tonnes per year in the Union, of which up to 40 % is land-filled) represents a huge problem and cost, despite its high potential added value. For example, an estimated 30 % of all food produced in developed countries is discarded. Major changes are needed to reduce this amount by 50 % in the Union by 2030. In addition, national borders are irrelevant in the spread of animal and plant pests and diseases, including zoonotic diseases, and food borne pathogens. While effective national land monitoring, territorial care and prevention measures are needed, action at Union level is essential for ultimate control and the effective running of the single market. The challenge is complex, affects a broad range of interconnected sectors and requires a plurality of approaches.
Amendment 308 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 2.1 – paragraph 2
Annex I – part III – point 2.1 – paragraph 2
More and more biological resources are needed to satisfy market demand for a secure and healthy food supply, bio- materials, biofuels and bio-based products, ranging from consumer products to bulk chemicals. However the capacities of the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems required for their production are limited, while there are competing claims for their utilisation, and often not optimally managed, as shown for example by a severe decline in soil carbon content and fertility. There is under- utilised scope for fostering ecosystem resilience and services from farmland, forests, marine and fresh waters by integrating agronomic and environmental goals into sustainable production.
Amendment 312 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 2.2 – paragraph 2
Annex I – part III – point 2.2 – paragraph 2
A fully functional European bio-economy – encompassing the sustainable production of renewable resources from land and aquatic environments and their conversion into food, bio-based products and bioenergy as well as the related public goods - will generate high European added value. Managed in a sustainable manner, it can reduce the environmental footprint of primary production and the supply chain as a whole. It can increase their competitiveness and provide jobs and business opportunities for rural and coastal development. The food security, sustainable agriculture, and overall bio- economy – related challenges are of a European and global nature. Actions at Union level are essential to bring together clusters to achieve the necessary breadth and critical mass to complement efforts made by a single or groups of Member States. A transparent multi-actor approach will ensure the necessary cross-fertilising interactions between researcher, businesses, farmers/producers, advisors and end-users. The Union level is also necessary to ensure coherence in addressing this challenge across sectors and with strong links to relevant Union policies. Coordination of research and innovation at Union level will stimulate and help to accelerate the required changes across the Union.
Amendment 314 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 2.2 – paragraph 3
Annex I – part III – point 2.2 – paragraph 3
Research and innovation will interface with a wide spectrum of Union policies and related targets, including the Common Agriculture Policy (in particular the Rural Development Policy) and the European Innovation Partnership ‘Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability’, the Common Fisheries Policy, the Integrated Maritime Policy, the European Climate Change Programme, the Water Framework Directive, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, the Waste Framework Directive, the Forestry Action Plan, the Soil Thematic Strategy, the Union's 2020 Biodiversity Strategy, the Strategic Energy Technology Plan, the Union's innovation and industrial policies, external and development aid policies, plant health strategies, animal health and welfare strategies and regulatory frameworks to protect the environment, health and safety, to promote resource efficiency and climate action, and to reduce waste. A better integration of research and innovation into related Union policies will significantly improve their European added value, provide leverage effects, increase societal relevance and help to further develop sustainable land, seas and oceans management and bio-economy markets.
Amendment 317 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 2.3 – point a – paragraph 1
Annex I – part III – point 2.3 – point a – paragraph 1
The aim is to supply sufficient food, feed, biomass and other raw-materials, while safeguarding natural resources and enhancing ecosystems services, including coping with and mitigatingprotecting soil and water resources, while tackling the challenges of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The activities shall focus on more sustainable and productive agriculture and forestry systems which are both resource- efficient (including low-carbon) and resilient, while at the same time developing of services, concepts and policies for thriving rural livelihoods.
Amendment 322 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 2.3 – point b – paragraph 1
Annex I – part III – point 2.3 – point b – paragraph 1
The aim is to meet the requirements of citizens for safe, healthy and affordable food, and to make food and feed processing and distribution more sustainable and the food sector more competitive while preserving European biodiversity. The activities shall focus on healthy and safe foods for all, informed consumer choices, and competitive food processing methods that use less resources and produce less by-products, waste and green-house gases.
Amendment 324 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 2.3 – point c – paragraph 1
Annex I – part III – point 2.3 – point c – paragraph 1
The aim is to maintain sustainably exploite consumption levels of aquatic living resources to, while maximiseing social and economic benefits/returns from Europe's oceans and seas. The activities shall focus on an optimal contribution to secure food supplies by developing sustainable and environmentally friendly fisheries and competitive European aquaculture in the context of the global economy and on boosting marine innovation through biotechnology to fuel smart ‘blue’ growth.
Amendment 351 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 5.1 – introductory paragraph
Annex I – part III – point 5.1 – introductory paragraph
The specific objective is to achieve a resource efficient and climate change resilient economy and a sustainable supply of raw materials, in order to meet the needs of a growing global population within the sustainable limits of the planet's natural resources. Activities will contribute to increasing European competitiveness and improving well being, whilst assuring environmental integrity and sustainability, keeping average global warming below 2 °C and, enabling ecosystems and society to adapt to climate change and protecting cultural heritage.
Amendment 356 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 5.1 – paragraph 4
Annex I – part III – point 5.1 – paragraph 4
The sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials, including their exploration, extraction, processing, re-use, recycling and substitution, is essential for the functioning of modern societies and their economies. European sectors, such as construction, chemicals, automotive, aerospace, machinery and equipment, which provide a total added value of some EUR 1.3 trillion and employment for approximately 30 million people, heavily depend on access to raw materials. However, the supply of raw materials to the Union is coming under increasing pressure especially considering poor waste cycle management. Furthermore, the Union is highly dependent on imports of strategically important raw materials, which are being affected at an alarming rate by market distortions. Moreover, the Union still has valuable mineral deposits, whose exploration and extraction is limited by a lack of adequate technologies and hampered by increased global competition. Given the importance of raw materials for European competitiveness, the economy and for their application in innovative products, the sustainable supply and resource efficient management of raw materials is a vital priority for the Union.
Amendment 357 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex I – part III – point 5.1 – paragraph 4 a (new)
Annex I – part III – point 5.1 – paragraph 4 a (new)
Climate change also poses a threat to European cultural heritage: understanding the challenges and providing the adequate responses will be essential in order to maintain identity, social cohesion and to maximise the economic benefits associated with tourism.
Amendment 1171 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 2 – point 1 – point 1.6 – point 1.6.1 – paragraph 1
Annex 1 – Part 2 – point 1 – point 1.6 – point 1.6.1 – paragraph 1
The specific objective of space research and innovation is, on the one hand, to enable European capability to conceive, develop, launch, operate and exploit space systems, and on the other hand, to foster a competitive and innovative space industry and research community to develop and exploit space infrastructure to meet future Union policy and societal needs and support economic growth, while enabling the implementation of various important European policies.
Amendment 1179 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 2 – point 1 – point 1.6 – point 1.6.2 – paragraph 1
Annex 1 – Part 2 – point 1 – point 1.6 – point 1.6.2 – paragraph 1
Space is an important, but frequently invisible enabler of diverse services and products crucial to modern day society, such as navigation, and communication, as well as weather forecasts, and geographic information derived from Earth Observation by satellites. Policy formulation and implementation at European, national and regional levels increasingly depend on space-derived information. The global space sector is rapidly growing and expanding into new regions (e.g. China, South America). European space industry, despite the economic crisis, maintains a world-class technological level. These capabilities position Europe at the forefront of Space and Earth sciences and empower the European industry on the commercial markets. In this context, support to the competitiveness of the whole supply chain of the European Space industry is a major challenge, to be addressed through an adequate R&D policy and must be organised Europe-wide to ensure that European industry will continue to keep up with its international competitors, strongly backed by strong domestic markets. European industry is at present a considerable exporter of first class satellites for commercial and scientific purposes. Increasing global competition is challenging Europe's position in this area. Thus Europe has an interest in ensuring that its industry continues to thrive in this fiercely competitive market. In addition, data from European science satellites and probes have resulted in some of the most significant scientific breakthroughs in the last decades in Earth sciences, fundamental physics and astronomy. With this unique capacity, the European space sector has a critical role to play in addressing the challenges identified by Europe 2020.
Amendment 1188 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 2 – point 1 – point 1.6 – point 1.6.3 – point a – paragraph 1
Annex 1 – Part 2 – point 1 – point 1.6 – point 1.6.3 – point a – paragraph 1
This entails safeguarding and further developing a competitive and entrepreneurial space industry in combination with a world-class space research community to maintain and strengthen European leadership and non-dependence in spaceby ensuring the availability of needed technologies - with appropriate maturity, the required level of non-dependence, and at competitive conditions - and to maintain and strengthen non-dependence in strategic subsectors such as access to space or critical technologyies, to foster innovation in the space sector, and to enable space-based terrestrial innovation, for example by using remote sensing and navigation data.
Amendment 1440 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.1 – paragraph 2
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.1 – paragraph 2
The Union intends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % below 1990 levels by 2020, with a further reduction to 80-95 % by 2050. In addition, renewables should cover 20 % of final energy consumption in 2020 coupled with a 20 % energy efficiency target. By 2050 greenhouse gas emission reductions of 80-95% should be achieved. All decarbonisation scenarios in the Energy Roadmap 2050 show that renewable energy technologies will by the middle of this century account for the biggest share of energy supply technologies. This must be accompanied by an ambitious energy efficiency policy as the most cost-effective way of reaching our long-term decarbonisation goals. It is therefore appropriate for three quarters of the budget under this Challenge to go towards research and innovation in renewable energy and energy efficiency. Achieving these objectives will require an overhaul of the energy system combining low carbon profilethe development of alternatives to fossil fuels, energy security and affordability, while at the same time reinforcing Europe's economic competitiveness. Europe is currently far from this overall goal. 80 % of the European energy system still relies on fossil fuels, and the sector produces 80 % of all the Union's greenhouse gas emissions. Every year 2.5 % of the Union's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is spent on energy imports and this is likely to increase. This trend would lead to total dependence on oil and gas imports by 2050. Faced with volatile energy prices on the world market, coupled with concerns over security of supply, European industries and consumers are spending an increasing share of their income on energy.
Amendment 1467 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.2 – paragraph 1
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.2 – paragraph 1
New technologies and solutions must compete oin cost and reliability against highly optimised energy systems wienergy systems designed for historic incumbents and technologies which have absorbed the vast majority of the well- established incumbents and technologiesorld and Europe's research funding and subsidies to this date. Research and innovation are critical to make these new, cleaner, low-carbon, more efficient energy sources commercially attractive on the scale needed, funding for research and development of fossil fuel technologies is therefore not eligible under this societal challenge. Neither industry alone, nor Member States individually, are able to bear the costs and risks, for which the main drivers (transition to a low carbon economy, providing affordable and secure energy) are outside the market.
Amendment 1481 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.2 – paragraph 5 a (new)
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.2 – paragraph 5 a (new)
The description "low-carbon" is subjective and will refer to an ever lower emissions threshold as Europe makes progress towards decarbonising its economy. A quantitative definition consistent with the ambition of reducing emissions to between 80-95% of 1990 levels by 2050 will soon be needed. Nonetheless, already now, any proposed process, such as Carbon Capture and Usage (CCU), that uses fossil carbon and results in the net lifecycle emission of a significant proportion of that carbon to the atmosphere should be considered "high-carbon" and as such in conflict with the EU's climate policy, the SET Plan and Horizon 2020's objectives.
Amendment 1501 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.3 – point b – paragraph 1
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.3 – point b – paragraph 1
Activities shall focus on research, development and full scale demonstration - of innovative renewables and carbon capture and storage technologies offering larger scale, lower cost, environmentally safe technologies which offer an alternative to fossil fuels with higher conversion efficiency and higher availability for different market and operating environments.
Amendment 1519 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.3 – point d – paragraph 1
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 3 – point 3.3 – point d – paragraph 1
Activities shall focus on research, development and full scale demonstration of new grid technologies, including storage, systems and market designs to plan, monitor, control and safely operate interoperable networks and balance an increasing renewables share in an open, decarbonised, climate resilient and competitive market, under normal and emergency conditions.
Amendment 1538 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.1 – paragraph 1
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.1 – paragraph 1
The specific objective is to achieve a European transport system that is resource- efficient, environmentally-friendly, safe and seamless for the benefit of European citizens, the EU economy and society, society as a whole and of competitiveness.
Amendment 1543 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.1 – paragraph 2
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.1 – paragraph 2
Europe must reconcile the growing mobility needs of its citizens with the imperatives of economic performance and the requirements of an energy efficient, low-carbon society and climate resilient economy. Despite its growth, the transport sector must achieve a substantial reduction in greenhouse gases and other adverse environmental impacts, and must break its dependency on oil, while maintaining high levels of efficiency and mobility.
Amendment 1550 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.1 – paragraph 4
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.1 – paragraph 4
Research and innovation must bring about focussed and timely advances for each transport mode that will help achieve key Union policy objectives, while boosting economic competitiveness, supporting the transition to a climate- resilient and low- carbon economy, and maintaining global market leadership. In order to achieve these goals a strong research base is required, which will create jobs, skills and positive spill-overs. This will contribute to strengthening the supply chain in the context of ever-growing world competition, including from new emerging competitors displaying major ambitions and investing massive resources to this end.
Amendment 1554 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.1 – paragraph 5
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.1 – paragraph 5
Although the necessary investments in research, innovation and deployment will be significant, failing to improve the sustainability of transport will result in unacceptably high societal, ecological, and economic costs in the long term. Similarly, failing to maintain European technological leadership in transport will hamper the achievement of the above objective and have severe and damaging consequences for European jobs and long term economic growth.
Amendment 1560 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.2 – paragraph 2
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.2 – paragraph 2
The transport sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gases and generates up to a quarter of all emissions. Transport is 96 % dependent on fossil fuels. Meanwhile, congestion is an increasing problem; systems are not yet sufficiently smart; alternatives for shifting between different modes of transport are not always attractive; road fatalities remain dramatically high at 34 000 per year in the Union; cwhile the significant growth in air traffic poses a number of specific challenges. Citizens and businesses expect a transport system that is safe and secure. The urban context poses specific challenges to the sustainability of transport. It is essential to reduce its' environmental impact through targeted technological improvement, bearing in mind that each mode of transport faces varying challenges and it is characterised by different technology integration cycles.
Amendment 1573 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.2 – paragraph 7
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.2 – paragraph 7
Research and innovation activities shall include a wide range of initiatives that cover the full innovation chain. Several activities are specifically intended to help bring results to the market: a programmatic approach to research and innovation, demonstration projects, market take-up actions and support for standardisation, regulation and innovative procurement strategies all serve this goal. In addition, using stakeholders' engagement and expertise will help bridge the gap between research results and their deployment in the transport sector. Particular challenges and specificities in each of the transport modes (and in particular, in aeronautics), such as different technology integration cycles, must be adequately addressed. At the same time, modal cross-fertilisation of concepts and technologies should be encouraged. The right balance between multi-annual visibility and continuity of research and innovation activities, when justified, and flexibility and responsiveness when confronting emerging needs and opportunities, should be struck.
Amendment 1580 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.3 – point a – paragraph 2
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 4 – point 4.3 – point a – paragraph 2
The focus of activities shall be to reduce resource consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, minimize noise levels and improve vehicle efficiency, to accelerate the development and deployment of a new generation of electric and other low or zero emission vehicles, including through breakthroughs in engines, batteries and infrastructure; to explore and exploit the potential of alternative fuels and innovative and more efficient propulsion systems, including fuel infrastructure; to optimise t. Concerning aviation, advanced aircraft configurations, high speed rotorcrafts and technologies for step-changes in energy efficiency should serve as a focus for development. In this sense, synergies should be ensured between the "Smart, Green and Integrated Transport" objective, and the "Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy" objective; the latter of which should be used for research funding into alternative aviation fuels. The use of infrastructures, should be optimised by means of intelligent transport systems and smart equipment; and to increase t. Similarly, aircraft onboard energy management should be optimised using more electrical aeronautical systems and equipment. The use of demand management and public and non-motorised transport, should be increased, particularly in urban areas.
Amendment 1741 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 6.3 – point 6.3.3 – paragraph 2 – point a a (new)
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 6.3 – point 6.3.3 – paragraph 2 – point a a (new)
(a a) protect critical infrastructures and networks;
Amendment 1750 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 6.3 – point 6.3.3 – paragraph 2 – point d
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 6.3 – point 6.3.3 – paragraph 2 – point d
(d) increasmprove Europe's resilience toponse and resilience capabilities towards crises and disasters;
Amendment 1752 #
Proposal for a regulation
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 6.3 – point 6.3.3 – paragraph 2 – point e
Annex 1 – Part 3 – point 6.3 – point 6.3.3 – paragraph 2 – point e
(e) ensure privacy and freedom in the Internet and enhance the societal dimension of security, legal and ethical understanding of all areas of security, risk and management.