Activities of Marian-Jean MARINESCU related to 2022/0347(COD)
Shadow opinions (1)
OPINION on the proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast)
Amendments (138)
Amendment 60 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 4
Recital 4
(4) The Zero Pollution Action Plan also sets out a vision for the year 2050, where air pollution is reduced to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems. To this end, a staged approach towards setting current and future EU air quality standards should be pursued, establishing intermediate air quality standards for the year 2030 and beyond, and developing a perspective for alignment with the WHO Air Quality Guidelines by the year 2050 at the latest based on a regular review mechanism to take into account the latest scientific understanding. Given the links between pollution reduction and decarbonisation, the long- term objective to achieve the zero pollution ambition should be pursued hand in hand with reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as set by Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council42 and the overall impact of the implementation of Fit for 55 legislative package. __________________ 42 Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) (OJ L 243, 9.7.2021, p. 1–17).
Amendment 66 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 5
Recital 5
(5) In taking the relevant measures at Union and national level to achieve the zero pollution objective for air pollution, Member States, the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission should be guided by the ‘precautionary principle’ and the ‘polluter pays principle’ established in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and the ‘do no harm’ principle of the European Green Deal. They should, inter alia, take into account: the contribution of improved air quality to public health, the quality of the environment, the well-being of citizens, the prosperity of society, employment and the competitiveness of the economy; the energy transition, strengthened energy security and the tackling of energy poverty; food security and affordability; the development of sustainable and smart mobility and transport solutions and their infrastructure including alternative fuel infrastructure; the impact of behavioural changes; fairness and solidarity across and within Member States, in light of their economic capability, national circumstances, such as the specificities of islands or coal regions, and the need for convergence over time; the need to make the transition just and socially fair through appropriate education and training programmes; best available and most recent scientific evidence, in particular the findings reported by the WHO; the need to integrate air pollution related risks into investment and planning decisions; cost- effectiveness and technological neutrality in achieving air pollutant emission reductions; and progression over time in environmental integrity and level of ambition.
Amendment 69 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 6
Recital 6
(6) The ‘Eighth General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030’ adopted by Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 6 April 202243[1] establishes the objective to achieve a non-toxic environment protecting the health and well-being of people, animals and ecosystems from environment- related risks and negative impacts, and, for that purpose, stipulates that further improvement of monitoring methods and standardisation of sampling stations, creating early warning system, better transborder coordination, better air quality plans and their implementation, better information to the public and access to justice are needed. This guides the objectives set in this Directive. __________________ 43 Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 April 2022 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030 (OJ L 114, 12.4.2022, p. 22–36).
Amendment 73 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 8
Recital 8
(8) A common approach to the assessment of ambient air quality should be followed by applying common assessment criteria. When assessing ambient air quality, account should be taken of the size of populations and ecosystems exposed to air pollution. It is therefore appropriate to classify the territory of each Member State into zones reflecting the population density. and spatial diversity
Amendment 75 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 13
Recital 13
(13) In order to ensure that the information collected on air pollution is sufficiently representative and comparable across the Union , it is important that standardised measurement techniques and common criteria for the number and location of measuring stations are used based on Commission detailed guidelines for the assessment of ambient air quality. Techniques other than measurements can be used to assess ambient air quality and it is therefore necessary to define criteria for the use and required accuracy of such techniques.
Amendment 77 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 15
Recital 15
(15) In order to protect human health and the environment as a whole, it is particularly important to combat emissions of pollutants at source and to identify and implement the most effective available emission reduction measures related to source category at local, national and Union level , in particular when it comes to emissions from agriculture, industries, transport and energy generation . Therefore, emissions of harmful air pollutants should be avoided, prevented or reduced and appropriate standards set for ambient air quality taking into account relevant World Health Organization standards, guidelines and programmes.
Amendment 83 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 21
Recital 21
(21) Ozone is a transboundary pollutant formed in the atmosphere from the emission of primary pollutants addressed by Directive 2016/2284/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council46 . Progress towards the air quality targets and long-term objectives for ozone set in this Directive should be determined by the targets and emission reduction commitments provided for in Directive 2016/2284/EU and, by implementing cost- effective measures, early warning mechanism and air quality plans . __________________ 46 Directive (EU) 2016/2284/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (OJ L 344, 17.12.2016, p.1).
Amendment 84 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 25
Recital 25
(25) Air quality status should be maintained where it is already good, or improved. Where the standards for ambient air quality laid down in this Directive are at risk of not being met, or have not been met, Commission should draft recommendations with short and long term measures based on pollution source and its category and Member States should take immediate actionnd continuous action related in order to comply with the limit values , average exposure reduction obligations and critical levels, and where possible, to attain the ozone target values and long-term objectives.
Amendment 93 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 29
Recital 29
(29) Contributions from natural sources or sources coming from different Member State or another country can be assessed but cannot be controlled. Therefore, where natural contributions to pollutants in ambient air can be determined with sufficient certainty, and where exceedances are due in whole or in part to these natural contributions, these may, under the conditions laid down in this Directive, be subtracted when assessing compliance with air quality limit values and average exposure reduction obligations . Contributions to exceedances of particulate matter limit values attributable to winter- sanding or winter -salting of roads may also be subtracted when assessing compliance with air quality limit values provided that reasonable measures have been taken to lower concentrations.
Amendment 96 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 30 a (new)
Recital 30 a (new)
(30a) Early warning system shall include modelling tools and stress tests to detect problems before becoming systemic and resulting into exceeding of pollutants concentrations.
Amendment 99 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 32
Recital 32
(32) Air quality plans should also be prepared ahead of 2030 where there is a risk that Member States will not attain the limit values or ozone target value by that date in order to ensure that levels of pollutants are reduced accordingly. The Commission should provide recommendation how the Member States should prepare those plans.
Amendment 103 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 34
Recital 34
(34) Member States should cooperate with one another if, following significant pollution originating in another Member State, based also on transboundary measurements the level of a pollutant exceeds, or is likely to exceed, any limit value, ozone target value, average exposure reduction obligation or alert threshold. The transboundary nature of specific pollutants, such as ozone and particulate matter, may require coordination between neighbouring Member States in drawing up and implementing air quality plans and short- term action plans and in informing the public. Where appropriate, Member States should pursue cooperation with third countries, with particular emphasis on the early involvement of candidate countries. The Commission should be timely informed of and the transbounder coordinator should be invited to assist in anyand oversee such cooperation.
Amendment 106 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 35
Recital 35
(35) It is necessary for the Member States and the Commission to collect, exchange and disseminate air quality information in order to understand better the impacts of air pollution and develop appropriate policies. Up-to-date information on concentrations of all regulated pollutants in ambient air and their category as well as air quality plans and short-term action plans should also be readily available to the public.
Amendment 110 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 41 a (new)
Recital 41 a (new)
(41a) In order to ensure comparable conditions for data measurement among member States, Commission shall provide detailed guidelines in the form of delegated act regarding standardised requirements of sampling points and its location for new sampling points and existing sampling points which do not ensure sufficient level of air quality assessment neither trough measurement or modelling with required uncertainty levels.
Amendment 119 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 3
3. standardised measures for monitoring ambient air quality, short and long-term trends and impacts of Union and national, national and transboundary measures on ambient air quality ;
Amendment 121 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 6
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 6
6. measures promoting increased cooperation between the Member States in reducing air pollution monitored and overseen by the European transboundary coordinator.
Amendment 124 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3 – point d
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3 – point d
(d) progress made in implementing national and Union reduction measures for pollutants, especially the Fit for 55 legislative package, and improving air quality.
Amendment 126 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3 – point d a (new)
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3 – point d a (new)
(da) current socio-economic situation in the Union
Amendment 134 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 a (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 a (new)
(39a) 'early warning system’ is a set of modelling tools and stress tests identifying a risk of pollutant concentration exceedance;
Amendment 135 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 b (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 b (new)
(39b) ‘category of the source of pollutants’ means the categories of industrial stationary installations, transport, buildings, agriculture, waste;
Amendment 136 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 c (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 c (new)
(39c) 'European transboundary Coordinator', is a Commission representative who oversees and assists the transboundary cooperation between Member States;
Amendment 138 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point b
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point b
(b) approval of measurement systems (locations, methods, equipment, networks and laboratories);
Amendment 140 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point g
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point g
(g) cooperation with the other Member States and the Commission including the European transboundary Coordinator ;
Amendment 141 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 1
Article 6 – paragraph 1
Member States shall establish sufficiently representative for the purposes of the measurements zones throughout their territory , including, where appropriate for the purposes of air quality assessment and management, at the level of agglomerations . Air quality assessment and air quality management shall be carried out in all zones .
Amendment 145 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 9 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
Article 9 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
Member States may continue to use the existing infrastructure in place, provided that the existing sampling points and monitoring sites correspond to the objectives of this Directive.
Amendment 147 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 9 – paragraph 3 – point c
Article 9 – paragraph 3 – point c
(c) the number of indicative measurements is the same as the number of fixed measurements that are being replaced and the indicative measurements have a minimum duration of 2 months per calendar year in representative period;
Amendment 151 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 12 – paragraph 4
Article 12 – paragraph 4
4. Member States shall endeavour to achieve and preserve the best ambient air quality and a high level of environmental and human health protection , in line with the air quality guidelines published by the WHO and below the assessment thresholds laid down in Annex II .
Amendment 154 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 16 – title
Article 16 – title
Contributions from natural and transboundary sources
Amendment 155 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 16 – paragraph 1 – point b a (new)
Article 16 – paragraph 1 – point b a (new)
(ba) zones where exceedances of limit values for a given pollutant are attributable to another Member State or another country due to the transboundary nature of a pollution spread;
Amendment 156 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 16 – paragraph 2
Article 16 – paragraph 2
2. Member States shall provide the Commission with lists of any such zones and NUTS 1 territorial units, as referred to in paragraph 1, together with information on concentrations and sources and the evidence demonstrating that the exceedances are attributable to natural or transboundary sources.
Amendment 157 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 16 – paragraph 3
Article 16 – paragraph 3
3. Where the Commission has been informed of an exceedance attributable to natural or transboundary sources in accordance with paragraph 2, that exceedance shall not be considered as an exceedance for the purposes of this Directive.
Amendment 162 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 19 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Article 19 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Where, in given zones the levels of pollutants in ambient air exceed any limit value , laid down in Section 1 of Annex I, , Member States shall establish air quality plans for those zones as soon as possible and no later than 21 years after the calendar year during which that exceedance of any limit value was recorded. Those air quality plans shall set out appropriate measures to achieve the concerned limit value and to keep the exceedance period as short as possible, and in any case no longer than 32 years from the end of the calendar year in which the first exceedance was reported .
Amendment 163 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 19 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Article 19 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Where exceedances of any limit values persist during the thirsecond calendar year after the establishment of the air quality plan, Commission shall draft recommendations and Member States shall update the air quality plan in accordance with those recommendations and the measures therein, and take additional and more effective measures, in the subsequent calendar year to keep the exceedance period as short as possible.
Amendment 171 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 19 a (new)
Article 19 a (new)
Article 19a Early warning system 1. The Commission shall establish by means of a delegated act guidelines concerning modelling approach and tools, as well as stress tests methodology functioning as an early warning system (EWS). 2. The system shall identify any systemic problem(s) with the air quality in a Member State which will likely lead in the future to the exceedance of the concentrations of the pollutants. 3. Where the EWS identifies a problem, Member State shall draft a Preventive Air Plan. 4. The Preventive Air Plan shall contain preventive measures based on the problem identified by the EWS.
Amendment 174 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 21 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Article 21 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
The Member States concerned shall cooperate with the other Member State and the European transboundary coordinator to identify the sources of air pollution and the measures to be taken to address those sources, and draw up joint activities, such as the preparation of joint or coordinated air quality plans pursuant to Article 19, in order to remove such exceedances .
Amendment 175 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 21 – paragraph 2
Article 21 – paragraph 2
2. The Commission shall be informed of, and invited to be present and to, assist inand oversee any cooperation referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article . The Commission shall be represented by the European transboundary Coordinator that shall draft working plans for solutions implementation. Where appropriate, the Commission shall, taking into account the reports established pursuant to Article 11 of Directive (EU) 2016/2284 , consider whether further action shall be taken at Union level in order to reduce precursor emissions responsible for transboundary pollution.
Amendment 176 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 21 – paragraph 3
Article 21 – paragraph 3
3. Member States and the European transboundary Coordinator shall, if appropriate pursuant to Article 20, prepare and implement joint short-term action plans covering neighbouring zones in other Member States. Member States shall ensure that neighbouring zones in other Member States receive all appropriate information regarding these short-term action plans without undue delay .
Amendment 181 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 25 – paragraph 2
Article 25 – paragraph 2
2. The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 24 and Annex IV(a)(1)(2a) shall be conferred on the Commission for an indeterminate period of time from … [date of entry into force of this Directive].
Amendment 182 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 25 – paragraph 3
Article 25 – paragraph 3
3. The delegation of power referred to in Article 24 and Annex IV(a)(1)(2a) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the Official Journal of the European Union or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
Amendment 193 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part A – paragraph 1 – point 2 – point c
Annex IV – Part A – paragraph 1 – point 2 – point c
(c) on the carriageway of roads; and on the central reservations of roads except where there is normally pedestrian access to the central reservation or where cycling lanes are present .
Amendment 194 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 4
Recital 4
(4) The Zero Pollution Action Plan also sets out a vision for the year 2050, where air pollution is reduced to levels no longer considered harmful to health and natural ecosystems. To this end, a staged approach towards setting current and future EU air quality standards should be pursued, establishing intermediate air quality standards for the year 2030 and beyond, and developing a perspective for alignment with the WHO Air Quality Guidelines by the year 2050 at the latest based on a regular review mechanism to take into account the latest scientific understanding. Given the links between pollution reduction and decarbonisation, the long- term objective to achieve the zero pollution ambition should be pursued hand in hand with reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as set by Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council42and the overall impact of the implementation of the Fit for 55 legislative package. _________________ 42 Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’) (OJ L 243, 9.7.2021, p. 1–17).
Amendment 194 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part A – paragraph 1 – point 2 a (new)
Annex IV – Part A – paragraph 1 – point 2 a (new)
2a. The Commission shall adopt a delegated act with detailed guidelines regarding standardised requirements of sampling points and its location for new sampling points and existing sampling points which do not ensure sufficient level of air quality assessment neither trough indicative measurement or modelling with required uncertainty levels. Those guidelines shall provide additional and specific details for principles in Points A, B, C and D;
Amendment 195 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point a – introductory part
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point a – introductory part
(a) Sampling points directed at the protection of human health shall be sited in such a way as to provide reliable data on all of the following:
Amendment 199 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point c a (new)
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point c a (new)
(ca) urban traffic location shall be located in immediate vicinity of streets with highest concentrations to which the population is likely to be exposed;
Amendment 201 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point i a (new)
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point i a (new)
(ia) sufficient number of sampling points shall be located in the transborder zones;
Amendment 202 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point e
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – paragraph 1 – point e
(e) the annual average of the observed pollutant concentration shall be used as the air quality metric for a specific year.; in case of significant differences of observed concentrations between summer and winter seasons, annualised averages for those concentrations shall be also used;
Amendment 206 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part D – point 1
Annex IV – Part D – point 1
1. The competent authorities responsible for air quality assessment shall provide, for all zones, assessment based on data, fully document the site- selection procedures and, record information to support the network design and choice of location for all monitoring sites and provide justifications. The design of the monitoring network shall be supported at least by either modelling with sufficiently low level of uncertainty or indicative measurements.
Amendment 207 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part D – point 2
Annex IV – Part D – point 2
2. The documentation shall include the location of the sampling points through spatial coordinates, detailed maps, photos and shall include information on the spatial representativeness of all sampling points.
Amendment 209 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 5
Recital 5
(5) In taking the relevant measures at Union and national level to achieve the zero pollution objective for air pollution, Member States, the European Parliament, the Council and the Commission should be guided by the ‘precautionary principle’ and the ‘polluter pays principle’ established in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and the ‘do no harm’ principle of the European Green Deal. They should, inter alia, take into account: the contribution of improved air quality to public health, the quality of the environment, the well-being of citizens, the prosperity of society, employment and the competitiveness of the economy; the energy transition, strengthened energy security and the tackling of energy poverty; food security and affordability; the development of sustainable and smart mobility and transport solutions and their infrastructure, including alternative fuel infrastructure; the impact of behavioural changes; fairness and solidarity across and within Member States, in light of their economic capability, national circumstances, such as the specificities of islands or coal regions, and the need for convergence over time; the need to make the transition just and socially fair through appropriate education and training programmes; best available and most recent scientific evidence, in particular the findings reported by the WHO; the need to integrate air pollution related risks into investment and planning decisions; cost- effectiveness and technological neutrality in achieving air pollutant emission reductions; and progression over time in environmental integrity and level of ambition.
Amendment 209 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part D – point 9
Annex IV – Part D – point 9
9. At least every 5 years the selection criteria, network design and monitoring site locations, defined by the competent authorities in view of the requirements of this Annex, shall be reviewed to ensure they remain valid and optimal overtime. The review shall be supported at least by either modelling or indicative measurements and inform about measures to be taken with a timeframe in accordance with the guidelines for the network design to remain valid and optimal; .
Amendment 210 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex V – Part B – paragraph 3
Annex V – Part B – paragraph 3
For the other cases, measurements are to be evenly distributed over the calendar year (or over the April-September period for indicative measurements of O3). In order to comply with these requirements and to ensure that any potential losses of data do not skew results, the minimum data coverage and distribution requirements shall be met for specific periods (quarter, month, weekday) of the whole year depending on the pollutant and measurement method/frequency.
Amendment 211 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex V – Part D – paragraph 1 – point e a (new)
Annex V – Part D – paragraph 1 – point e a (new)
(ea) for measurements from the transborder stations estimation of transborder pollution related to another Member States;
Amendment 213 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 6
Recital 6
(6) The ‘Eighth General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030’ adopted by Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council on 6 April 202243 establishes the objective to achieve a non-toxic environment protecting the health and well-being of people, animals and ecosystems from environment- related risks and negative impacts, and, for that purpose, stipulates that further improvement of monitoring methods, better information to the public and access to justice are needed. This guides the objectives set in this Directive. _________________ 43 Decision (EU) 2022/591 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 April 2022 on a General Union Environment Action Programme to 2030 (OJ L 114, 12.4.2022, p. 22–36) and standardisation of sampling stations, creating an early warning system, better transboundary coordination, better air quality plans and better implementation of these plans, better information to the public and access to justice are needed. This guides the objectives set in this Directive.
Amendment 213 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 4 – point a
Annex VIII – Part A – point 4 – point a
(a) list of the main emission sources, including its category, responsible for pollution;
Amendment 215 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 5 – point a
Annex VIII – Part A – point 5 – point a
(a) expected quantified concentration reduction (in µg/m³) at each sampling point in exceedance of limit values, ozone target value or of the average exposure indicator in case of an exceedance of the average exposure reduction obligation, from the short-term and long-term measures referred to in point 6 and their related to category ;
Amendment 217 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point a
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point a
(a) listing and description of all the measures set out in the air quality planshort-term measures related to relevant categories set out in the air quality plan and justification for those measures regarding the source and category of exceedance, their efficiency and availability in time, including the identification of the competent authority in charge of their implementation;
Amendment 218 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point a a (new)
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point a a (new)
(aa) listing and description of all the long-term measures related to relevant categories set out in the air quality plan and justification for those measures regarding the source and category of exceedance, their efficiency, availability in time and socio-economic impact, including the identification of the competent authority in charge of their implementation;
Amendment 219 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point b
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point b
(b) quantification of emission reduction (in tonnes/year) of each measure and category under point (a);
Amendment 220 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point c
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point c
(c) timetable for implementation of each measure and responsible actors, the economic and social impact, including the access to energy and mobility;
Amendment 221 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point e
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point e
(e) list of the information (including modelling and assessment results of short- term and long-term measures) to reach the air quality standard concerned in accordance with Annex I.
Amendment 222 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 8
Recital 8
(8) A common approach to the assessment of ambient air quality should be followed by applying common assessment criteria. When assessing ambient air quality, account should be taken of the size of populations and ecosystems exposed to air pollution. It is therefore appropriate to classify the territory of each Member State into zones reflecting the population density and spatial diversity.
Amendment 222 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 7 – point d
Annex VIII – Part A – point 7 – point d
(d) listing and, description, justification and socio-economic impact of all additional measures, that unfold their full impact on ambient air pollutant concentrations in 3 years or more.
Amendment 227 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – introductory part
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – introductory part
2. Information on all air pollution abatement measures that have been considered at local, regional or national level for implementation in connection with the attainment of air quality objectives for each category in short and long term, including:
Amendment 228 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point a a (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point a a (new)
(aa) reduction of emissions from the uptake of zero and low emission vehicles based on economic incentives;
Amendment 230 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b a (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b a (new)
(ba) reduction of emissions from uptake of zero and low emission vehicles of collective and public transport and/or vehicles equipped with modern digital solutions affecting emission reduction ;
Amendment 231 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 13
Recital 13
(13) In order to ensure that the information collected on air pollution is sufficiently representative and comparable across the Union , it is important that standardised measurement techniques and common criteria for the number and location of measuring stations are used based on detailed guidelines issued by the Commission for the assessment of ambient air quality. Techniques other than measurements can be used to assess ambient air quality and it is therefore necessary to define criteria for the use and required accuracy of such techniques.
Amendment 232 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b b (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b b (new)
(bb) measures related to improved quality, efficiency, affordability and connectivity of collective and public transport;
Amendment 233 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b c (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b c (new)
(bc) measures related to the uptake and implementation of alternative fuel infrastructure;
Amendment 234 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b d (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b d (new)
(bd) measures related to the implementation of intelligent transport systems and digital solutions related to emissions reduction;
Amendment 235 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b e (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b e (new)
(be) measures related to smart parking;
Amendment 236 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 15
Recital 15
(15) In order to protect human health and the environment as a whole, it is particularly important to combat emissions of pollutants at source and to identify and implement the most effective available emission reduction measures by source category at local, national and Union level , in particular when it comes to emissions from agriculture, industries, transport and energy generation . Therefore, emissions of harmful air pollutants should be avoided, prevented or reduced and appropriate standards set for ambient air quality taking into account relevant World Health Organization standards, guidelines and programmes.
Amendment 236 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b f (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b f (new)
(bf) reduction of emissions related to the creation of multimodal hubs connecting various sustainable transport solutions and parking facilities;
Amendment 241 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point e
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point e
(e) measures to encourage a shift towards less polluting forms of transport including for rail, inland waterway;
Amendment 242 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point f
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point f
(f) measures to encourage a shift towards zero and low emissions vehicles and non- road machinery for both private and commercial applications;
Amendment 249 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IX – point 2 – point d
Annex IX – point 2 – point d
(d) information on short term measures and preventive actions to reduce pollution and/or exposure to it: indication of main source sectors; recommendations for action to reduce emissions and limitations for exposure;
Amendment 252 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 21
Recital 21
(21) Ozone is a transboundary pollutant formed in the atmosphere from the emission of primary pollutants addressed by Directive 2016/2284/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council46. . Progress towards the air quality targets and long-term objectives for ozone set in this Directive should be determined by the targets and emission reduction commitments provided for in Directive 2016/2284/EU and, by implementing cost- effective measures, and air quality plans . _________________ 46 Directive (EU) 2016/2284/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2016 on the reduction of national emissions of certain atmospheric pollutants, amending Directive 2003/35/EC and repealing Directive 2001/81/EC (OJ L 344, 17.12.2016, p.1) early warning system and air quality plans.
Amendment 261 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 25
Recital 25
(25) Air quality status should be maintained where it is already good, or improved. Where the standards for ambient air quality laid down in this Directive are at risk of not being met, or have not been met, the Commission should make recommendations with short- and long- term measures, based on the source and category of pollution, and Member States should take immediate and continuous action in order to comply with the limit values , average exposure reduction obligations and critical levels, and where possible, to attain the ozone target values and long-term objectives.
Amendment 265 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 29
Recital 29
(29) Contributions from natural sources or sources coming from a different Member State or a third country can be assessed but cannot be controlled. Therefore, where natural contributions to pollutants in ambient air can be determined with sufficient certainty, and where exceedances are due in whole or in part to these natural contributions, these may, under the conditions laid down in this Directive, be subtracted when assessing compliance with air quality limit values and average exposure reduction obligations . Contributions to exceedances of particulate matter limit values attributable to winter-sanding or winter - salting of roads may also be subtracted when assessing compliance with air quality limit values provided that reasonable measures have been taken to lower concentrations.
Amendment 270 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 30 a (new)
Recital 30 a (new)
(30 a) The early warning system should include modelling tools and stress tests to detect problems before they become systemic and lead to exceedances of pollutants concentrations.
Amendment 275 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 32
Recital 32
(32) Air quality plans should also be prepared ahead of 2030 where there is a risk that Member States will not attain the limit values or ozone target value by that date in order to ensure that levels of pollutants are reduced accordingly. The Commission shall provide a recommendation as to which Member States should prepare those plans.
Amendment 280 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 34
Recital 34
(34) Member States should cooperate with one another if, following significant pollution originating in another Member State, including as a result of transboundary measurements, the level of a pollutant exceeds, or is likely to exceed, any limit value, ozone target value, average exposure reduction obligation or alert threshold. The transboundary nature of specific pollutants, such as ozone and particulate matter, may require coordination between neighbouring Member States in drawing up and implementing air quality plans and short- term action plans and in informing the public. Where appropriate, Member States should pursue cooperation with third countries, with particular emphasis on the early involvement of candidate countries. The Commission should be timely informed of and a transboundary coordinator should be invited to assist in anyand oversee such cooperation.
Amendment 287 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 35
Recital 35
(35) It is necessary for the Member States and the Commission to collect, exchange and disseminate air quality information in order to understand better the impacts of air pollution and develop appropriate policies. Up-to-date information on concentrations of all regulated pollutants in ambient air and their category as well as air quality plans and short-term action plans should also be readily available to the public.
Amendment 293 #
Proposal for a directive
Recital 41 a (new)
Recital 41 a (new)
(41 a) In order to ensure comparable conditions for data measurement between Member States, the Commission shall provide detailed guidelines in the form of a delegated act on standardised requirements for sampling points and location for new sampling points, as well as for existing sampling points which do not ensure sufficient level of air quality assessment neither trough measurement or modelling with required uncertainty levels.
Amendment 325 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 3
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 3
3. standardised measures for monitoring ambient air quality, short and long-term trends and impacts of Union and national, national and transboundary measures on ambient air quality ;.
Amendment 329 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 6
Article 2 – paragraph 1 – point 6
6. measures promoting increased cooperation between the Member States in reducing air pollution monitored and overseen by the European transboundary coordinator.
Amendment 367 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3 – point d
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3 – point d
(d) progress made in implementing national and Union reduction measures for pollutants, especially the Fit for 55 legislative package, and improving air quality.
Amendment 372 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3 – point d a (new)
Article 3 – paragraph 2 – subparagraph 3 – point d a (new)
(d a) the current socio-economic situation in the Union
Amendment 415 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 a (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 a (new)
Amendment 416 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 b (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 b (new)
(39 b) ‘pollutant source category’ means the categories of industrial stationary installations, transport, buildings, agriculture, and waste;
Amendment 417 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 c (new)
Article 4 – paragraph 1 – point 39 c (new)
(39 c) 'European transboundary coordinator', is a Commission representative who oversees and supports the transboundary cooperation between Member States;
Amendment 419 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point b
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point b
(b) approval of measurement systems (locations, methods, equipment, networks and laboratories);
Amendment 424 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point g
Article 5 – paragraph 1 – point g
(g) cooperation with the other Member States and the Commission including the European transboundary coordinator;
Amendment 431 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 6 – paragraph 1
Article 6 – paragraph 1
Member States shall establish zones throughout their territory which are sufficiently representative for the purposes of measurement, including, where appropriate for the purposes of air quality assessment and management, at the level of agglomerations . Air quality assessment and air quality management shall be carried out in all zones .
Amendment 441 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 9 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
Article 9 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2 a (new)
Member States may continue to use the existing infrastructure in place, provided that the existing sampling points and monitoring sites correspond to the objectives of this Directive.
Amendment 446 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 9 – paragraph 3 – point c
Article 9 – paragraph 3 – point c
(c) the number of indicative measurements is the same as the number of fixed measurements that are being replaced and the indicative measurements have a minimum duration of 2 months per calendar year in the representative period;
Amendment 481 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 12 – paragraph 4
Article 12 – paragraph 4
4. Member States shall endeavour to achieve and preserve the best ambient air quality and a high level of environmental and human health protection , in line with the air quality guidelines published by the WHO and below the assessment thresholds laid down in Annex II .
Amendment 508 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 16 – title
Article 16 – title
Contributions from natural and transboundary sources
Amendment 513 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 16 – paragraph 1 – point b a (new)
Article 16 – paragraph 1 – point b a (new)
(b a) zones where exceedances of limit values for a given pollutant are attributable to another Member State or a third country due to the transboundary nature of the spread of pollution;
Amendment 517 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 16 – paragraph 2
Article 16 – paragraph 2
2. Member States shall provide the Commission with lists of any such zones and NUTS 1 territorial units, as referred to in paragraph 1, together with information on concentrations and sources and the evidence demonstrating that the exceedances are attributable to natural or transboundary sources.
Amendment 520 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 16 – paragraph 3
Article 16 – paragraph 3
3. Where the Commission has been informed of an exceedance attributable to natural or transboundary sources in accordance with paragraph 2, that exceedance shall not be considered as an exceedance for the purposes of this Directive.
Amendment 523 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 18 a (new)
Article 18 a (new)
Article 18 a Early warning system 1. The Commission shall establish by means of a delegated act guidelines on the modelling approach and tools, as well as on the methodology for stress testing as an early warning system (EWS). 2. The system shall identify any systemic problem with the air quality in a Member State which is likely to lead to exceedances of pollutant concentrations in the future. 3. If the early warning system identifies a problem, the Member State must draw up a preventive air plan. 4. The preventive air plan shall contain preventive measures based on the identified problem by the EWS.
Amendment 555 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 19 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Article 19 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 1
Where, in given zones the levels of pollutants in ambient air exceed any limit value , laid down in Section 1 of Annex I, , Member States shall establish air quality plans for those zones as soon as possible and no later than 21 years after the calendar year during which that exceedance of any limit value was recorded. Those air quality plans shall set out appropriate measures to achieve the concerned limit value and to keep the exceedance period as short as possible, and in any case no longer than 32 years from the end of the calendar year in which the first exceedance was reported .
Amendment 560 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 19 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Article 19 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Where exceedances of any limit values persist during the thirsecond calendar year after the establishment of the air quality plan, the Commission shall draft recommendations and Member States shall update the air quality plan in accordance with those recommendations and the measures therein, and take additional and more effective measures, in the subsequent calendar year to keep the exceedance period as short as possible.
Amendment 646 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 21 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
Article 21 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
The Member States concerned shall cooperate with the other Member States and the European transboundary coordinator to identify the sources of air pollution and the measures to be taken to address those sources, and draw up joint activities, such as the preparation of joint or coordinated air quality plans pursuant to Article 19, in order to remove such exceedances .
Amendment 648 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 21 – paragraph 2
Article 21 – paragraph 2
2. The Commission shall be informed of, and invited to be present and to, assist inand oversee any cooperation referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article . The Commission will be represented by the European transboundary coordinator, who will draw up working plans for the implementation of solutions. Where appropriate, the Commission shall, taking into account the reports established pursuant to Article 11 of Directive (EU) 2016/2284 , consider whether further action shall be taken at Union level in order to reduce precursor emissions responsible for transboundary pollution.
Amendment 649 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 21 – paragraph 3
Article 21 – paragraph 3
3. Member States and the European transboundary coordinator shall, if appropriate pursuant to Article 20, prepare and implement joint short-term action plans covering neighbouring zones in other Member States. Member States shall ensure that neighbouring zones in other Member States receive all appropriate information regarding these short-term action plans without undue delay .
Amendment 684 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 25 – paragraph 2
Article 25 – paragraph 2
2. The power to adopt delegated acts referred to in Article 24 and in Annex IV(A)(1)(2a) shall be conferred on the Commission for an indeterminate period of time from … [date of entry into force of this Directive].
Amendment 685 #
Proposal for a directive
Article 25 – paragraph 3
Article 25 – paragraph 3
3. The delegation of power referred to in Article 24 and in Annex IV(A)(1)(2a) may be revoked at any time by the European Parliament or by the Council. A decision to revoke shall put an end to the delegation of the power specified in that decision. It shall take effect the day following the publication of the decision in the Official Journal of the European Union or at a later date specified therein. It shall not affect the validity of any delegated acts already in force.
Amendment 826 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part A – paragraph 1 – point 2 – point c
Annex IV – Part A – paragraph 1 – point 2 – point c
(c) on the carriageway of roads; and on the central reservations of roads except where there is normally pedestrian access to the central reservation or where cycling lanes are present .
Amendment 827 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part A – paragraph 1 – point 2 a (new)
Annex IV – Part A – paragraph 1 – point 2 a (new)
2a. The Commission shall adopt a delegated act setting out detailed guidelines on standardised requirements for sampling points and location for new sampling points as well as for existing sampling points which do not ensure sufficient level of air quality assessment neither through measurement, indicative measurement or modelling with required uncertainty levels. Those guidelines shall provide additional and specific details for the principles set out in Points A, B, C and D;
Amendment 828 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point a – introductory part
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point a – introductory part
(a) Sampling points directed at the protection of human health shall be sited in such a way as to provide reliable data on all of the following:
Amendment 842 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point c a (new)
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point c a (new)
(ca) the urban traffic location shall be located in immediate vicinity to streets and roads with the highest concentrations to which the population is likely to be exposed;
Amendment 849 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point i a (new)
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – point i a (new)
(ia) a sufficient number of sampling points shall be installed in the transboundary zones;
Amendment 850 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – paragraph 2 – point e
Annex IV – Part B – point 2 – paragraph 2 – point e
(e) the annual average of the observed pollutant concentration shall be used as the air quality metric for a specific year.; in the case of significant differences in observed concentrations between the summer and winter seasons, annualised averages for these concentrations shall also be used;
Amendment 858 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part D – point 1
Annex IV – Part D – point 1
1. The competent authorities responsible for air quality assessment shall provide a data-based assessment for all zones, fully document the site- selection procedures and, record information to support the network design and choice of location for all monitoring sites and provide justifications. The design of the monitoring network shall be supported at least by either modelling with a sufficiently low level of uncertainty or indicative measurements.
Amendment 859 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part D – point 2
Annex IV – Part D – point 2
2. The documentation shall include the location of the sampling points through spatial coordinates, detailed maps and photos, and shall include information on the spatial representativeness of all sampling points.
Amendment 862 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IV – Part D – point 9
Annex IV – Part D – point 9
9. At least every 5 years the selection criteria, network design and monitoring site locations, defined by the competent authorities in view of the requirements of this Annex, shall be reviewed to ensure they remain valid and optimal overtime. The review shall be supported at least by either modelling or indicative measurements. and shall identify measures to be taken with a timeframe in accordance with the guidelines to ensure that the network design remains valid and optimal;
Amendment 869 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex V – Part B – paragraph 3
Annex V – Part B – paragraph 3
For the other cases, measurements are to be evenly distributed over the calendar year (or over the April-September period for indicative measurements of O3). In order to comply with these requirements and to ensure that any potential losses of data do not skew results, the minimum data coverage and distribution requirements shall be met for specific periods (quarter, month, weekday) of the whole year depending on the pollutant and measurement method/frequency.
Amendment 871 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex V – Part D – paragraph 1 – point e a (new)
Annex V – Part D – paragraph 1 – point e a (new)
(ea) for measurements from transboundary stations, estimation of transboundary pollution related to another Member State;
Amendment 886 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 4 – point a
Annex VIII – Part A – point 4 – point a
(a) list of the main emission sources, including their category, responsible for pollution;
Amendment 893 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 5 – point a
Annex VIII – Part A – point 5 – point a
(a) expected quantified concentration reduction (in µg/m³) at each sampling point in exceedance of limit values, ozone target value or of the average exposure indicator in case of an exceedance of the average exposure reduction obligation, from the short-term and long-term measures referred to in point 6 and their associated category;
Amendment 898 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point a
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point a
(a) listing and description of all the measures set out in the air quality planshort-term measures relating to the relevant categories set out in the air quality plan and justification for those measures in terms of the source and category of exceedance, their effectiveness and their availability in time, including the identification of the competent authority in charge of their implementation;
Amendment 900 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point a a (new)
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point a a (new)
(aa) listing and description of all the long-term measures relating to the relevant categories set out in the air quality plan and justification for those measures in terms of the source and category of exceedance, their effectiveness, their availability in time and their socio-economic impact, including the identification of the competent authority in charge of their implementation;
Amendment 902 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point b
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point b
(b) quantification of emission reduction (in tonnes/year) of each measure and category under point (a);
Amendment 905 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point c
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point c
(c) timetable for implementation of each measure and responsible actors, the economic and social impact, including access to energy and mobility;
Amendment 908 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point e
Annex VIII – Part A – point 6 – point e
(e) list of the information (including modelling and assessment results of short- term and long-term measures) to reach the air quality standard concerned in accordance with Annex I.
Amendment 910 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part A – point 7 – point d
Annex VIII – Part A – point 7 – point d
(d) listing and, description, justification and socio-economic impact of all additional measures, that unfold their full impact on ambient air pollutant concentrations in 3 years or more.
Amendment 912 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – introductory part
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – introductory part
2. Information on all air pollution abatement measures that have been considered at local, regional or national level for implementation in connection with the attainment of air quality objectives for each category in the short and long term, including:
Amendment 920 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point a a (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point a a (new)
(aa) reduction of emissions through the uptake of zero- and low-emission vehicles based on economic incentives;
Amendment 921 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b a (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b a (new)
(ba) reduction of emissions through the uptake of zero- and low-emission collective and public transport vehicles and/or vehicles equipped with modern digital solutions affecting emissions reduction;
Amendment 922 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b b (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b b (new)
(bb) measures to improve the quality, efficiency, affordability and connectivity of collective and public transport;
Amendment 923 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b c (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b c (new)
(bc) measures related to the uptake and implementation of alternative fuel infrastructure;
Amendment 924 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b d (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b d (new)
(bd) measures related to the implementation of intelligent transport systems and digital solutions related to emissions reduction;
Amendment 925 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b e (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b e (new)
(be) measures related to smart parking;
Amendment 926 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b f (new)
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point b f (new)
(bf) reduction of emissions related to the creation of multimodal hubs connecting various sustainable transport solutions and parking facilities;
Amendment 944 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point e
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point e
(e) measures to encourage a shift towards less polluting forms of transport including for rail and inland waterways;
Amendment 950 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point f
Annex VIII – Part B – point 2 – point f
(f) measures to encourage a shift towards zero - and low-emissions vehicles and non- road machinery for both private and commercial applications;
Amendment 974 #
Proposal for a directive
Annex IX – point 2 – point d
Annex IX – point 2 – point d
(d) information on short-term measures and preventive actions to reduce pollution and/or exposure to it: indication of main source sectors; recommendations for action to reduce emissions and limitations on exposure;