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34 Amendments of Britta REIMERS related to 2012/0288(COD)

Amendment 36 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 1 a (new)
(1a) The global demand for agricultural commodities and the volatile market situation can only be counteracted with an increase in the crop yields. In EU 12 the full potential regarding crop yields has not yet been realized and on arable land not farmed. Biofuels production from arable crops in the EU reduces the proteins deficit stabilizes the market and raises the EU agricultural production capacity. The jobs related to the EU biofuels consumption reach a number of about 220,000 in the EU.
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 37 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 1 b (new)
(1b) The European Parliament calls on the Commission to follow a broader approach on the issue of ILUC and to promote adequate protection of social and ecological aspects in third countries affected by land use change bilaterally and multilaterally.
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 45 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 5
(5) Based on forecasts of biofuel demand provided by the Member States and estimates of indirect land-use change emissions for different biofuel feedstocks it is likely that greenhouse gas emissions linked to indirect land use change are significant, and could negate some or all of the greenhouse gas savings of individual biofuels. This is because almost the entire biofuel production in 2020 is expected to come from crops grown on land that could be used to satisfy food and feed markets. In order to reduce such emissions, it is appropriate to distinguish between crop groups such as oil crops, cereals, sugars and other starch containing crops accordingly.deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 53 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 6
(6) Liquid renewable fuels are likely to be required by the transport sector in order to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Advanced biofuels, such as those made from wastes and algae, provide high greenhouse gas savings with low risk of causing indirect land use change and do not compete directly for agricultural land for the food and feed markets. It is appropriate, therefore, to encourage greater production of such advanced biofuels as these are currently not commercially available in large quantities, in part due to competition for public subsidies with established food crop based biofuel technologies. Further incentives should be provided by increasing the weighting of advanced biofuels towards 10% targetby introducing a separate target for advanced biofuels of at least 2% for transport set in Directive 2009/28/EC compared to conventional biofuels. In this context, only advanced biofuels with low estimated indirect land use change impacts and high overall greenhouse gas savings should be supported as part of the post 2020 renewable energy policy framework.
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 60 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 9
(9) To prepare for the transition towards advanced biofuels and minimise the overall indirect land use change impacts in the period to 2020, it is appropriate to limit the amount of biofuels and bioliquids obtained from food crops as set out in part A of Annex VIII to Directive 2009/28/EC and part A of Annex V to Directive 98/70/EC that can be counted towards targets set out in Directive 2009/28/EC. Without restricting the overall use of such biofuels, the share of biofuels and bioliquids produced from cereal and other starch rich crops, sugar and oil crops that can be counted towards the targets of Directive 2009/28/EC should be limited to the share of such biofuels and bioliquids consumed in 2011.deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 64 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 10
(10) The 5% limit set up in Article 3(4)d does not affect the Member States' freedom to arrange their own trajectory as to compliance with this prescribed share of conventional biofuels within the overall 10% target. As a consequence, the access to the market of the biofuels produced by the installations in operation before the end of 2013 remains fully open. Therefore this amending directive does not affect the legitimate expectations of the operators of such installations.deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 68 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 11
(11) The estimated indirect land-use change emissions should be included in the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels under Directives 98/70/EC and 2009/28/EC. Biofuels made from feedstocks that do not lead to additional demand for land, such as those from waste feedstocks, should be assigned a zero emissions factor..deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 74 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 12
(12) The Commission should review the methodology for estimating land-use change emission factors included in Annexes VIII and V to Directives 2009/28/EC and 98/70/EC respectively in the light of adaptation to technical and scientific progress. To this end, and if warranted by the latest available scientific evidence, the Commission should consider the possibility of revising the proposed crop group indirect land-use change factors, as well as introducing factors at further levels of disaggregation and including additional values should new biofuel feedstocks come to market.deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 82 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 1
(1) Article 3(4) of Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable energy sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/777/EC and 2003/30/EC requires Member States to ensure that the share of energy from renewable energy sources in all forms of transport in 2020 is at least 10% of their final energy consumption. The blending of biofuels is one of the methods available for Member States to meet this target, and is expected to be the main contributor. Global demand for agricultural commodities is growing and market volatility is expected to increase in future.
2013/05/31
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 83 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 1 – point 1 – subpoint a
Directive 98/70/CE
Article 7a – paragraph 6
(a) the following paragraph 6 is inserted: 6. Fuel suppliers shall by 31 March each year report to the authority designated by the Member State, the biofuel production pathways, volumes, and the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy, including the estimated indirect land-use change emissions set out in Annex V Member States shall report these data to the Commission.’deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 103 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 2 – subpoint b
Directive 2009/28/EC
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
(b) in paragraph 1, the following second subparagraph is added: 'For the purpose of compliance with target referred to in the first subparagraph, the maximum joint contribution from biofuels and bioliquids produced from cereal and other starch rich crops, sugars and oil crops shall be no more than the energy quantity corresponding to the maximum contribution as set out in Article 3(4)d.'deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 104 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 5
(5) Based on forecasts of biofuel demand provided by the Member States and estimates of indirect land-use change emissions for different biofuel feedstocks it is likely that greenhouse gas emissions linked to indirect land use change are significant, and could negate some or all of the greenhouse gas savings of individual biofuels. This is because almost the entire biofuel production in 2020 is expected to come from crops grown on land that could be used to satisfy food and feed markets. In order to reduce such emissions, it is appropriate to distinguish between crop groups such as oil crops, cereals, sugars and other starch containing crops accordingly.deleted
2013/05/31
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 107 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 2 – subpoint c
Directive 2009/28/EC
Article 3 – paragraph 4
(c) paragraph 4 is amended as follows: (i) in point (b), the following phrase is added: "This indent shall be without prejudice to Articles 17(1)a and 3(4)d;" (ii) the following point (d) is added: (d) for the calculation of biofuels in the numerator, the share of energy from biofuels produced from cereal and other starch rich crops, sugars and oil crops shall be no more than 5%, the estimated share at the end of 2011, of the final consumption of energy in transport in 2020. (iii) the following point (e) is added: The contribution made by: (i) biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Part A of Annex IX shall be considered to be four times their energy content; (ii) biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Part B of Annex IX shall be considered to be twice their energy content; (iii) renewable liquid and gaseous fuels of non-biological origin shall be considered to be four times their energy content.deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 108 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 2 – subpoint c – point -i new and point i
(c) paragraph 4 is amended as follows: (-i) The first sentence is replaced by the following: Each Member State shall ensure that the share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of transport in 2020 is at least 10 % of the final consumption of energy in transport in that Member State, (i) in point (b), the following phrase is added: "This indent shall be without prejudice to Articles 17(1)a and 3(4)d;" (ii) the following point (d) is added: (d) for the calculation of biofuels in the numerator, (i) the share of energy from biofuels produced from cereal and other starch rich crops, sugars and oil crops shall be no more than 5%, the estimated share at the end of 2011,feedstock listed in Annex IX shall be at least 2% of the final consumption of energy in transport in 2020, and (ii) the share of energy from biofuels produced from food crops shall be at least 8% of the final consumption of energy in transport in 2020.
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 121 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 6
(6) Liquid renewable fuels are likely to be required by the transport sector in order to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions. Advanced biofuels, such as those made from wastes and algae, provide high greenhouse gas savings with low risk of causing indirect land use change and do not compete directly for agricultural land for the food and feed markets. It is appropriate, therefore, to encourage greater production of such advanced biofuels as these are currently not commercially available in large quantities, in part due to competition for public subsidies with established food crop based biofuel technologies. Further incentives should be provided by increasing the weighting of advanced biofuels towards 10% targetsetting a separate target of at least 2% for advanced biofuels for transport set in Directive 2009/28/EC compared to conventional biofuels. In this context, only advanced biofuels with low estimated indirect land use change impacts and high overall greenhouse gas savings should be supported as part of the post 2020 renewable energy policy framework.
2013/05/31
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 121 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 2 – subpoint c – point iii
Directive 2009/28/EC
Article 3 – paragraph 4– point e
(iii) the following point (e) is added: ‘The contribution made by: (i) biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Part A of Annex IX shall be considered to be four times their energy content; (ii) biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Part B of Annex IX shall be considered to be twice their energy content; (iii) renewable liquid and gaseous fuels of non-biological origin shall be considered to be four times their energy content. Member States shall ensure that no raw materials are intentionally modified to be covered by categories (i) to (iii). The list of feedstock set out in Annex IX may be adapted to scientific and technical progress, in order to ensure a correct implementation of the accounting rules set out in this Directive. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 25 (b) concerning the list of feedstock set out in Annex IX'.’deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 144 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 9
Directive 2009/28/EC
Article 22
9. In Article 22, paragraph 2 is replaced by the following: ‘2. In estimating net greenhouse gas emission saving from the use of biofuels, the Member State may, for the purpose of the reports referred to in paragraph 1, use the typical values given in part A and part B of Annex V, and shall add the estimates for indirect land-use change emissions set out in Annex VIII.’deleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 152 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Annex I – point 1
Directive 98/70/EC
Annex IV – part C
(1) Annex IV, part C is amended as follows: (a) point 7 is replaced by the following: ‘7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, el, shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over 20 years. For the calculation of these emissions the following rule shall be applied: el = (CSR – CSA) × 3,664 × 1/20 × 1/P, where el = annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass (grams) of CO2-equivalent per unit biofuel energy (megajoules)); CSR = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-use shall be the land use in January 2008 or 20 years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later; CSA = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CSA shall be the estimated stock per unit area after 20 years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier; and P = the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel or energy per unit area per year).’ (b) points 8 and 9 are deleted.
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 157 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 9
(9) To prepare for the transition towards advanced biofuels and minimise the overall indirect land use change impacts in the period to 2020, it is appropriate to limit the amount of biofuels and bioliquids obtained from food crops as set out in part A of Annex VIII to Directive 2009/28/EC and part A of Annex V to Directive 98/70/EC that can be counted towards targets set out in Directive 2009/28/EC. Without restricting the overall use of such biofuels, the share of biofuels and bioliquids produced from cereal and other starch rich crops, sugar and oil crops that can be counted towards the targets of Directive 2009/28/EC should be limited to the share of such biofuels and bioliquids consumed in 2011.deleted
2013/05/31
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 157 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Annex II – point 1
Directive 2009/28/EC
Annex V – part C
(1) Annex V, part C is amended as follows: (a) point 7 is replaced by the following: ‘7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, el, shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over 20 years. For the calculation of these emissions the following rule shall be applied: el = (CSR – CSA) × 3,664 × 1/20 × 1/P, where el = annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass (grams) of CO2-equivalent per unit biofuel energy (megajoules)); CSR = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-use shall be the land-use in January 2008 or 20 years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later; CSA = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CSA shall be the estimated stock per unit area after 20 years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier; and P = the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel or bioliquid energy per unit area per year).’ (b) points 8 and 9 are deleted.
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 159 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Annex II – point 2
Directive 2009/28/EC
Annex VIII
(2) The following Annex VIII is added: 'Annex VIIIdeleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 166 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – point 3
Directive 2009/28/EC
Annex IX – Part A – Title
Feedstocks whose contributiong towards the 2% target referred to in Article 3 (4) shall be considered to be four times their energy contentd (i) are as followed.
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 167 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 10
(10) The 5% limit set up in Article 3(4)d does not affect the Member States' freedom to arrange their own trajectory as to compliance with this prescribed share of conventional biofuels within the overall 10% target. As a consequence, the access to the market of the biofuels produced by the installations in operation before the end of 2013 remains fully open. Therefore this amending directive does not affect the legitimate expectations of the operators of such installations.deleted
2013/05/31
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 179 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 11
(11) The estimated indirect land-use change emissions should be included in the reporting of greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels under Directives 98/70/EC and 2009/28/EC. Biofuels made from feedstocks that do not lead to additional demand for land, such as those from waste feedstocks, should be assigned a zero emissions factor. .deleted
2013/05/31
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 189 #
Albert DESS, Elisabeth KÖSTINGER, Herbert DORFMANN, Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Annex III – point 3
Directive 2009/28/EC
Annex IX – Part B
Part B. Feedstocks whose contribution towards the target referred to in Article 3(4) shall be considered to be twice their energy contentdeleted
2013/05/14
Committee: AGRI
Amendment 197 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Recital 12
(12) The Commission should review the methodology for estimating land-use change emission factors included in Annexes VIII and V to Directives 2009/28/EC and 98/70/EC respectively in the light of adaptation to technical and scientific progress. To this end, and if warranted by the latest available scientific evidence, the Commission should consider the possibility of revising the proposed crop group indirect land-use change factors, as well as introducing factors at further levels of disaggregation and including additional values should new biofuel feedstocks come to market.deleted
2013/05/31
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 241 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 1 – point 1 – point a
Directive 98/70/EC
Article 7a – paragraph 6
(a) the following paragraph 6 is inserted: "6. Fuel suppliers shall by 31 March each year report to the authority designated by the Member State, the biofuel production pathways, volumes, and the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions per unit of energy, including the estimated indirect land-use change emissions set out in Annex V Member States shall report these data to the Commission."deleted
2013/06/03
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 320 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 2 – point b
Directive 2009/28/EC
Article 3 – paragraph 1 – subparagraph 2
(b) in paragraph 1, the following second subparagraph is added: "For the purpose of compliance with target referred to in the first subparagraph, the maximum joint contribution from biofuels and bioliquids produced from cereal and other starch rich crops, sugars and oil crops shall be no more than the energy quantity corresponding to the maximum contribution as set out in Article 3(4)(d)."deleted
2013/06/03
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 347 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 2 – point c – point ii
Directive 2009/28/EC
Article 3 – paragraph 4 – subparagraph 2 – point d
(d) for the calculation of biofuels in the numerator, (i) the share of energy from biofuels produced from cereal and other starch rich crops, sugars and oil crops shall be no more than 5%, the estimated share at the end of 2011,feedstock listed in Annex IX shall be at least 2% of the final consumption of energy in transport in 2020 and (ii) the share of energy from biofuels produced from food crops shall be at least 8% [10%] of the final consumption of energy in transport in 2020. .
2013/06/03
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 364 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 2 – point c – point iii
Directive 2009/28/EC
Article 3 – paragraph 4 – subparagraph 2 – point e
(iii) the following point (e) is added: "The contribution made by: (i) biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Part A of Annex IX shall be considered to be four times their energy content; (ii) biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Part B of Annex IX shall be considered to be twice their energy content; (iii) renewable liquid and gaseous fuels of non-biological origin shall be considered to be four times their energy content. Member States shall ensure that no raw materials are intentionally modified to be covered by categories (i) to (iii). The list of feedstock set out in Annex IX may be adapted to scientific and technical progress, in order to ensure a correct implementation of the accounting rules set out in this Directive. The Commission shall be empowered to adopt delegated acts in accordance with Article 25 (b) concerning the list of feedstock set out in Annex IX"deleted
2013/06/03
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 453 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Article 2 – point 9
Directive 2009/28/EC
Article 22 – paragraph 2
9. In Article 22, paragraph 2 is replaced by the following: "2. In estimating net greenhouse gas emission saving from the use of biofuels, the Member State may, for the purpose of the reports referred to in paragraph 1, use the typical values given in part A and part B of Annex V, and shall add the estimates for indirect land-use change emissions set out in Annex VIII."deleted
2013/06/03
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 488 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Annex I – point 1
Directive 98/70/EC
Annex IV – part C – points 7, 8, 9
(1) Annex IV, part C is amended as follows: (a) point 7 is replaced by the following: "7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, el, shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over 20 years. For the calculation of these emissions the following rule shall be applied: el = (CSR – CSA) × 3,664 × 1/20 × 1/P, where el = annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass (grams) of CO2-equivalent per unit biofuel energy (megajoules)); CSR = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-use shall be the land use in January 2008 or 20 years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later; CSA = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CSA shall be the estimated stock per unit area after 20 years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier; and P = the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel or energy per unit area per year)." (b) points 8 and 9 are deleted.
2013/06/03
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 503 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Annex II – point 1
Directive 98/70/EC
Annex V – part C – points 7, 8, 9
(1) Annex V, part C is amended as follows: (a) point 7 is replaced by the following: "7. Annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change, el, shall be calculated by dividing total emissions equally over 20 years. For the calculation of these emissions the following rule shall be applied: el = (CSR – CSA) × 3,664 × 1/20 × 1/P, where el = annualised greenhouse gas emissions from carbon stock change due to land-use change (measured as mass (grams) of CO2-equivalent per unit biofuel energy (megajoules)); CSR = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the reference land use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). The reference land-use shall be the land-use in January 2008 or 20 years before the raw material was obtained, whichever was the later; CSA = the carbon stock per unit area associated with the actual land-use (measured as mass (tonnes) of carbon per unit area, including both soil and vegetation). In cases where the carbon stock accumulates over more than one year, the value attributed to CSA shall be the estimated stock per unit area after 20 years or when the crop reaches maturity, whichever the earlier; and P = the productivity of the crop (measured as biofuel or bioliquid energy per unit area per year)." (b) points 8 and 9 are deleted.
2013/06/03
Committee: ENVI
Amendment 511 #
Britta REIMERS
Proposal for a directive
Annex II – point 2
Directive 2009/28/EC
Annex VIII
(2) The following Annex VIII is added: "Annex VIII Part A. Estimated indirect land-use change emissions from biofuels Feedstock group Cereals and other starch rich crops Sugars Oil crops Part B. Biofuels for which the estimated indirect land-use change emissions are considered to be zero Biofuels produced from the following feedstock categories will be considered to have estimated indirect land-use change emissions of zero: (a) feedstocks which are not included under Part A of this Annex. (b) feedstocks whose production has led to direct land use change, i.e. a change from one of the following IPCC land cover categories; forest land, grassland, wetlands, settlements, or other land, to cropland or perennial cropland. In such a case a direct land use change emission value (el) should have been calculated in accordance to Part C, paragraph 7 of Annex IV."deleted Estimated indirect land-use change emissions (gCO2eq/MJ) 12 13 55
2013/06/03
Committee: ENVI
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