Activities of Maria NOICHL related to 2021/2243(INI)
Shadow reports (1)
REPORT on intersectional discrimination in the European Union: the socio-economic situation of women of African, Middle-Eastern, Latin-American and Asian descent
Amendments (40)
Amendment 45 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital B
Recital B
B. whereas EU policies have not involved an intersectional approach thus far and have focused only on the individual dimensions of discrimination, which downplays its institutional, structural and historical dimensions; whereas the intersectional approach is crucial in order to include all women in their diversity and to tailor policies and measures for their needs;
Amendment 53 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital C
Recital C
C. whereas women are not a homogenous category and understanding their diversity is key to ensuring that policymaking does not continue to render certain groups of women invisible and directly or indirectly discriminate against them;
Amendment 62 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D
Recital D
D. whereas a key challenge in operationalising intersectionality and addressing intersecting forms of discrimination is the absence of intersectional equality data, including data disaggregated by gender, race and ethnicity; whereas some Member States currently prefer not to collect this kind of data and thus hinder the acquirement of expertise to show specific inequalities and discrimination;
Amendment 68 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital E
Recital E
E. whereas implementing intersectional policy means undertaking thorough impact assessments of policies and legislation, removing measures that are detrimental to marginalised groups at the intersections of discrimination, and securing the meaningful participation of people affected by inequalities in all their diversity; in designing, adopting and implementing policies and measures;
Amendment 78 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital F
Recital F
F. whereas women subjected to intersecting types of discrimination face multiple obstacles in accessing the formal labour market, leaving them vulnerable to discrimination, exploitation, sexual harassment and mistreatment; whereas across the EU, 91 % of Black women are overqualified in their jobs, compared to 48 % of white women; whereas the recognition of diplomas acquired abroad can still represent a significant challenge;
Amendment 85 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G
Recital G
G. whereas half of all trans women experience discrimination when searching for employment; whereas only 20 % of women with disabilities are in full-time employment in the EU and estimates indicate that 22 % are at risk of poverty or social exclusion; Whereas women with disabilities face significant barriers in education, as 13 % of women with disabilities have a university degree compared to 29 % of women without disabilities in the EU;
Amendment 91 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H
Recital H
H. whereas on several occasions, the respondents in the FRA LGBTI Survey II highlight additional grounds for discrimination, with 40 % facing additional discrimination on account of being member of an ethnic minority or having an immigrant background, 15 % on account of their skin colour, 36 % on account of having a disability and 28 % on account of religion; whereas afrophobia, islamophobia, antigypsism and antisemitism are widespread forms of racism in the EU often fostered through populist and right-wing discourses;
Amendment 94 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H a (new)
Recital H a (new)
Ha. whereas lesbophobia must be understood as violence at the intersection of homophobia and misogyny, constituting a type of violence with its own roots, patterns, modes and consequences formed by this intersectional experience; whereas one in six (16%) lesbian or bisexual women reported episodes of discrimination when accessing healthcare or social services;
Amendment 99 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital I
Recital I
I. whereas the high unemployment rate among Roma women cannot be explained by one single factor, such as discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, gender or socio-economic background, as these grounds are mutually reinforcing; whereas Roma women are among the most vulnerable groups in the EU, lacking adequate access to education, health care services, help and support services in the case of violence and are particularly often victims of trafficking, exploitation, sexual exploitation and prostitution;
Amendment 106 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital I a (new)
Recital I a (new)
Ia. whereas racialized and marginalised women are at a high risk of exploitation in the labour market and outside the labour market; whereas their risk for economic sexual exploitation by pimps, traffickers and sex buyers is particularly high;
Amendment 109 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital J
Recital J
J. whereas high degrees of prejudice and the subsequent policies preventing Muslim women from wearing religious dress further trigger unequal treatment and multiply the barriers to accessing the labour market and housing, excluding them from the public sphere and any form of meaningful participation in societal processes and decisions, thereby keeping them in a precarious socio- economic situation;
Amendment 116 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital K
Recital K
K. whereas racialised women, women from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, women with disabilities and LGBTIQ people face additional barriers and violence in accessing healthcare, including sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR), as a result of discriminatory laws and policies, stigma and stereotypes; whereas the training of healthcare professionals can be beneficial in this regard, ensuring the basic right of access to health care services with the aim of achieving or preserving a good health; whereas this should entail access to high- quality and targeted mental health facilities as well;
Amendment 125 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital K a (new)
Recital K a (new)
Ka. whereas social and legal changes, as well as research in the medical and biological field, have led to the recognition of diversity in the definition of ‘sex’ in addition to women and men; whereas sex discrimination has been interpreted in the case-law of the CJEU more broadly to include transgender persons who undergo medical transition;
Amendment 131 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital L
Recital L
L. whereas intersecting types of discrimination can have a serious impact on the life of survivors of gender-based violence such as female genital mutilation, for example by limiting or impeding their access to the prevention, support and protection services they need as a result of a combination of types of discrimination and cultural and linguistic barriers, leading to an increased risk for complications or having a negative impact on their mental health;
Amendment 132 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital L
Recital L
L. whereas intersecting types of discrimination can have a serious impact on the life of survivors of gender-based violence such as female or intersex genital mutilation, for example by limiting or impeding their access to the prevention, support and protection services they need as a result of a combination of types of discrimination and cultural and linguistic barriers;
Amendment 139 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital M a (new)
Recital M a (new)
Ma. Whereas the quality of housing is often poorer for marginalised groups and the current rise in energy prices will have a stronger impact on women from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds;
Amendment 148 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital P
Recital P
P. whereas the under-reporting and under-recording of hate-motivated crimes, violence and verbal abuse remains a challenge owing to a lack of trust in public authorities and to structural barriers; whereas this entails the risk that governments do not see the prevalence, thus do not see the structural problem and therefore fail to act; whereas 88 % of the hate-motivated physical attacks against Roma people are not reported, together with 79 % of the most serious antisemitic harassment incidents, and 80 % of cases of physical or sexual violence against LGBTIQ people; whereas this impunity represents not only the risk of repeating and aggravating violence, but also the risk for victims to feel disregarded and forgotten by society;
Amendment 170 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Calls for the creation of a mainstreaming mechanism for cooperation and coordination for EU and national equality policies, ensuring that all types of discrimination, especially those which intersect, are taken into account in the review and adoption of policies, including through systematic gender and equality impact assessments; Calls for the development of guidelines, including the exchanges of good practices on the adoption of an intersectional approach in policymaking;
Amendment 175 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Calls on the incoming EU presidencies and the currently blocking Member States to adopt the Anti- Discrimination Directive without delay; in order to achieve a common and harmonised protection for all people inside the EU in the fields of social protection, including social security and health care, social advantages, education, the access to and supply of goods and services, like for example housing;
Amendment 181 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Calls on the Member States to collect equality data, including data disaggregated by gender, racial and ethnic origin, based on voluntary participation, anonymity, confidentiality, self- identification and informed consent, while respecting the key principles of data protection and fundamental rights; takes note of the ongoing revision of the European statistics on population; calls on the Commission to ensure that this revision encompasses as many explicit grounds as possible, so as to ensure the collection of reliable equality data;
Amendment 184 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Calls on the Member States to collect equality data, including data disaggregated by gender, racial and ethnic origin, based on voluntary participation, anonymity, confidentiality, self- identification and informed consent, while respecting the key principles of data protection and fundamental rights in order to uncover the extent of discrimination and lay the ground for concrete measures and policies to end this;
Amendment 190 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Welcomes the appointment of a Commissioner for Equality and EU coordinators for combating racism, as well as for combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life; stresses that in order to institutionalise an approach that takes intersectionality into account, the Commission should appoint coordinators aligned with all of the individual Equality Strategies; believes that the collective work of such coordinators will help to institutionalise intersectionality, contribute to the important work of the Commissioner for Equality and strengthen the implementation of each Strategy;
Amendment 192 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Welcomes the appointment of a Commissioner for Equality and EU coordinators for combating racism, as well as for combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life; stresses that in order to institutionalise an approach that takes intersectionality into account, the Commission should appoint coordinators aligned with all of the individual Equality Strategies always implementing a gender mainstreaming approach in order to produce policies for all women in their diversity;
Amendment 195 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Calls for the role and cooperation of the Commission’s Task Force on Equality to be reinforced and its cooperation with other bodies to be stepped up in order to ensure that all policy measures include an intersectional perspective based on impact assessments of policies and legislation; invites the Commission to reflect further on how to best draw the strategic potential of this initiative, which can be further developed with the inclusion of the Coordinators of each equality field;
Amendment 197 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6 a (new)
Paragraph 6 a (new)
6a. Considers the EC Platform on Disability to be a flagship initiative with strategic potential; invites the EC to set up similar structures to ensure full implementation of all strategies under the ‘Union of Equality’ framework;
Amendment 200 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. Highlights the need for a comprehensive directive on gender-based violence with an intersectional approach, covering all women and girls in all their diversity and LGBTIQ people on the grounds of gender identity, gender expression or sex characteristics; calls on Member States to ensure that instances of gender-based violence are appropriately investigated, prosecuted and sanctioned and that victim-support services are comprehensive enough to address all forms of violence with a victim-centred perspective, particularly that which results from intersectional discrimination;
Amendment 204 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7 a (new)
Paragraph 7 a (new)
7a. Recalls that the principle of equal treatment for men and women cannot be confined to the prohibition of discrimination based on a person’s given sex, and that it also applies to discrimination arising from the person’s gender identity; recalls that the CJEU has interpreted sex discrimination within the principle of equal treatment as encompassing transgender persons who undergone medical transition, yet notes that no such judgements were issued concerning non-binary or intersex persons, questioning the utility and capacity of EU non-discrimination legislation for the large trans population in Europe who cannot or will not access gender affirmation healthcare or for intersex persons; recalls that such individuals will be without remedy if they suffer discrimination compared to those who have physically altered their bodies; recalls the need for EU anti- discrimination to go beyond the gender binary and recognise gender discrimination; calls on the Commission to come up with a legislative proposal that avoid any risk of legal uncertainty in this matter;
Amendment 210 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8 a (new)
Paragraph 8 a (new)
8a. Stresses the European motto “United in Diversity” does not only apply to the Union and its European Member States, but also to the diversity found inside each of the Member States populations and should be jointly promoted as a force and an asset;
Amendment 214 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Calls for positive action measures, such as quotas, for women facing intersectional discrimination in public institutions, including in the EU institutions, as a way to promote public institutions that reflect the diversity of society and highlights the role model function of public services;
Amendment 228 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
10. Calls for the Member States and the EU to provide implicit bias and awareness- raising training courses within their institutions, including in judicial institutions, asylum processing and intake centres, education, and for the police, healthcare professionals and other civil servants, and to address the effects of the implicit biases on decisions, actions and interactions generated resulting from persistent stereotypes, and the under- representation of certain groups in these sectors in order to highlight that these lay ground for discrimination and exclusion;
Amendment 244 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12
Paragraph 12
12. Calls on the Member States to ensure that the Council Framework Decision on combating racism and xenophobia13 , the Victim’s Rights Directive, the Racial Equality Directive and the Employment Equality Directive are consistently implemented; _________________ 13 Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law, OJ L 328, 6.12.2008, p. 55.
Amendment 251 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 a (new)
Paragraph 13 a (new)
13a. highlights the importance of fighting against stereotypes and discrimination at a very early age and thus calls for analyses of bias, stereotypical representation or missing representation in teaching materials, their potential revision and a bias free education; calls on the Commission and the Member States to develop awareness- raising campaigns targeted at youth to combat intersectional discrimination;
Amendment 253 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 b (new)
Paragraph 13 b (new)
13b. Calls on the Member States and the Commission to create more inclusive education programmes for people with disabilities, to tackle the education and a subsequent employment gap, as the continued high rate of youth with disabilities who leave school early might indicate difficulties in accessing suitable educational programmes
Amendment 254 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 c (new)
Paragraph 13 c (new)
13c. highlights the high potential and importance of multilingualism for our societies, underlines that every language needs to be valued the same way and that a theoretical hierarchy of languages is based on bias and stereotypes;
Amendment 260 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14
Paragraph 14
14. Calls on the Member States to support the creation of new legal pathways across sectors, including for medium- and low-skilled workers, that promote autonomy, decent work, workers fundamental rights and social inclusion;
Amendment 270 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Calls on the Member States to ensure universal health coverage, including specialised mental health services, and to urgently remove the barriers that exist to healthcare for all, including for undocumented migrants with a specific focus on women in all their diversity, without any prejudice, bias or discrimination;
Amendment 272 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. CNotes that access to health can be impaired by the compounded effect of intersectional discrimination; calls on the Member States to ensure universal health coverage and to urgently remove the barriers that exist to healthcare for all, including for undocumented migrants;
Amendment 280 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16
Paragraph 16
16. Calls on the Member States to adopt and implement strategies, policies and programmes to advance the SRHR of marginalised groups of women and to eradicate the systemic, financial, legal, practical and social barriers they face and to ensure sexual and reproductive health and rights are protected and respected in all Member States;
Amendment 288 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17
Paragraph 17
17. Encourages the Member States to ensure accessible and transparent legal gender recognition procedures based on self-determination and in line with WHO’s ICD-11, and to recognise trans, non-binary and intersex people in law; urges Member States to ban intersex genital mutilation and to ensure that intersex infants are not subjected to non-vital medical or surgical treatment during infancy or childhood;
Amendment 290 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17
Paragraph 17
17. Encourages the Member States to ensure accessible and transparent legal gender recognition procedures based on self-determination and to recognise trans, non-binary and intersex people in law and to abolish barriers such as mandatory surgical interventions or mandatory psychological counselling;