Activities of Angel DZHAMBAZKI related to 2015/2103(INL)
Legal basis opinions (0)
Amendments (56)
Amendment 7 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital A
Recital A
B. whereas now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence ("AI") seem poised to unleash a new industritechnological revolution, which is likely to leave no stratum of society or professional class untouched, it is vitally important for the legislature to consider all its implications and contribute to preparation for that revolution;
Amendment 10 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital B
Recital B
B. whereas now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence ("AI") seem poised toare unleashing a new industrial revolution, which is likely to leave no stratum of society untouched, it is vitally important for the legislature to start considering all its implications, without putting a full stop to innovation;
Amendment 15 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital C
Recital C
C. whereas between 2010 and 2014 the average increase in sales of robots stood at 17% per year and in 2014 sales rose by 29%, the highest year-on-year increase ever, with automotive parts suppliers and the electrical/electronics industry being the main drivers of the growth; whereas annual patent filings for robotics technology have tripled over the last decade due to the uncertain nature of research and development cycle outcomes;
Amendment 20 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D
Recital D
D. whereas in the short to medium term robotics and AI promise tomay bring benefits of efficiency and savings, not only in production and commerce, but also in areas such as transport, medical care, rescue & safety, education and farming, while making it possible to avoid exposing humans to dangerous conditions, such as those faced when cleaning up toxically polluted sites; whereas in the longer term there is potential for virtually unbounded prosperity;
Amendment 22 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital D a (new)
Recital D a (new)
Da. whereas in the long-term, the current trend leans towards developing smart and autonomous machines, with the capacity to think and make decisions independently, holds not only economic advantages but also a variety of concerns regarding their direct and indirect effects on society as a whole;
Amendment 29 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital E
Recital E
E. whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of employment and the viability of social security systems if the current basis of taxation is maintained, creating the potential for increased inequality in the distribution of wealth and influence; whereas more analysis is needed on better alignment of job losses in one area and job creation in another through real-life scenario testing;
Amendment 41 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital F
Recital F
F. whereas the causes for concern are not only of moral and ethical nature but they also include physical safety, for example when a robot's code proves fallible, and the potential consequences of system failure or hacking of connected robots and robotic systems at a time when increasingly autonomous applications come into use or are impending whether it be in relation to cars and drones or to care robots and robots used for maintaining public order and policing;
Amendment 48 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G
Recital G
G. whereas many basic questions of data protection have already become the subject of consideration in the general contexts of the internet and e-commerce, but whereas further aspects of data ownership and the protection of personal data and privacy mightare still need to bebeing addressed, given that applications and appliances will communicate with each other and with databases without humans intervening or possibly without their even being aware of what is going onthese "invisible" machine2machine communication processes;
Amendment 58 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H
Recital H
H. whereas the 'soft impacts' on human dignity may be difficult to estimate, but will still need to be considered if and whenn order to avoid robots replaceing all of human care and companionship, and whereas questions of human dignity also can arise in the context of 'repairing' or enhancing human beings;
Amendment 62 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital I
Recital I
I. whereas ultimately there is a possibility that within the space of a few decades AI could surpass human intellectual capacity in a manner which, if not prepared for, couldclosely monitored, could at some future point pose a challenge to humanity's capacity to control its own creation and, consequently, perhaps also to its capacity to be in charge of its own destiny and to ensure the survival of the species;
Amendment 66 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital J
Recital J
J. whereas several foreign jurisdictions, such as the US, Japan, China and South Korea, are considering, and to a certain extent have already taken, regulatory action with respect to robotics and AI, and whereas some Member States who play a significant role in the further development of advanced robotics and artificial intelligence have also started to reflect on possible legislative changes in order to take account of emerging applications of such technologies;
Amendment 69 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital K
Recital K
K. whereas European industry could benefit from a coherent approach to regulation at European level, providing predictable and sufficiently clear conditions under which enterprises could develop applications and plan their business models on a European scaleindustry throughout the European Union could benefit from more efficient cooperation while ensuring that the EU and its Member States maintain control over the regulatory standards to be set, so as not to be forced to adopt and live with standards set by others, that is to sayneither within the EU nor from the third states which are also at the forefront of the development of robotics and AI;
Amendment 79 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital M
Recital M
M. whereas, nevertheless, a series of rules, governing in particular liability and ethics and reflecting the intrinsically European and humanistic values that characterise the Europe'an Union’s contribution to society, are necessary;
Amendment 84 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital N
Recital N
N. whereas the European Union could play an essential role in establishing basic ethical principles to be respected in the development, programming and use of robots and AI and in the incorporation of such principles into Europeexisting rules and regulations and codes of conduct, with the aim of shaping the technological revolution so that it serves humanity and so that the benefits of advanced robotics and AI are broadly shared, while as far as possible avoiding potential pitfalls;
Amendment 86 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital O
Recital O
O. whereas a gradualist, pragmatic cautious approach of the type advocated by Jean Monnet2 should be adopted for Europe with the purpose of avoiding over- regulation at a too early stage and mandatory obligations for Member States; __________________ 2 the Schuman Declaration (1950: "Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity."
Amendment 91 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital P
Recital P
P. whereas it is appropriate, in view of the stage reached in the development of robotics and AI, to start withdiscussing civil liability issues and to consider whether a strict liability approach based on who is best placed to insure is not the best starting point;
Amendment 95 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital Q
Recital Q
Q. whereas, thanks to the impressive technological advances of the last decade, not only are today's robots able to perform activities which used to be typically and exclusively human, but the development of autonomous and cognitive features – e.g. the ability to learn from experience and take independent decisions – has made them more and more similar to agents that interact with their environment and are able to alter it significantly; whereas, in such a context, the legal responsibility arising from a robot’'s harmful action could becomes a crucial issue;
Amendment 98 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital R
Recital R
R. whereas a robot's autonomy can be defined as the ability to take decisions and implement them in the outside world, independently of external control or influence, in theory; whereas this autonomy is of a purely technological nature and its degree depends on how sophisticated a robot's interaction with its environment has been designed to be;
Amendment 103 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital S
Recital S
S. whereas the more autonomous robots are, the less they can be considered simple tools in the hands of other actors (such as the manufacturer, the owner, the user, etc.); whereas this, in turn, makesy render the ordinary rules on liability insufficient and potentially calls for new and/or modified rules which focus on how a machine can be held – partly or entirely – responsible for its acts or omissions; whereas, as a consequence, it becomes more and more urgent to address the fundamental question of whether robots should possess a legal status;
Amendment 114 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital U
Recital U
U. whereas under the current legal framework, complex robots canmay not be held liable per se for acts or omissions that cause damage to third parties, as they do not meet the criteria for existing legal provisions; whereas the existing rules on liability cover cases where the cause of the robot’s act or omission can be traced back to a specific human agent such as the manufacturer, the owner or the user and where that agent could have foreseen and avoided the robot’s harmful behaviour; whereas, in addition, manufacturers, owners or users could be held strictly liable for acts or omissions of a robot if, for example, the robot were categorised as a dangerous object or if it fell within product liability rules; notes however, the importance of legal clarity and that a one- size-fits-all approach should in any case be avoided
Amendment 138 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1 – introductory part
Paragraph 1 – introductory part
1. Calls on the Commission to propose a common Europeanconsider proposing a definition of smart autonomous robots and their subcategories by taking into consideration the following characteristics of a smart robot:
Amendment 140 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Considers that a system of registration of advanced robots should be introduced, and calls on the Commission to establish criteria for the classification of robots with a view to identifying the robots that would need to be registered, when technological advancement has reached this level of sophistication in robotics and artificial intelligence;
Amendment 151 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Underlines that many robotic applications are still in an experimental phase; welcomrecognises the fact that more and more research projects are being funded with national and European money; calls on the Commission and the Member States to strengthenassess potential improvements to the existing financial instruments for research projects in robotics and ICT; emphasises that sufficient resources need to be devoted to the search for solutions to the social and ethical challenges that the technological development and its applications raise in order for them to function most efficiently, allowing the European Union and its technology hubs to stay ahead of third countries in terms of innovative technology;
Amendment 156 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Asks the Commission to foster research programmes that include a mechanism for short-term verification of the outcomes in order to understandconduct an in-depth research on what real risks and opportunities are associated with the dissemination of these technologies; calls on the Commission and the Member States to combine all its effort in order to guarantee a smoothercarefully monitor potential future transition for these technologies from research to commercialisation on the market;
Amendment 180 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Considers that a clear and strict guiding ethical framework for the design, production and use of robots is needed to complement the legal recommendations of the report and the existing national and Union acquis; proposes, in the annex to the resolution, a framework in the form of a charter consisting of a code of conduct for robotics engineers, of a code for research ethics committees when reviewing robotics protocols and of model licences for designers and users;
Amendment 184 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. Points out that the guiding ethical framework should be based on the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy, as webut especially asnd above all on the principles enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, such as human dignity and human rights, equality, justice and equity, non-discrimination and non- stigmatisation, autonomy and individual responsibility, informed consent, privacy and social responsibility, and on existing ethical practices and codes;
Amendment 194 #
Motion for a resolution
Subheading 6
Subheading 6
Amendment 199 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8
Paragraph 8
Amendment 207 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
Amendment 214 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10
Paragraph 10
10. Notes that there are no legal provisions that specifically apply to robotics, but that existing legal regimes and doctrines can be readily applied to robotic when the time comes while some aspects appear to need specific consideration; calls on the Commission to come forward with a balanced approach to intellectual property rights when applied to hardware and software standards, and codes that protect innovation and at the same time foster innovation; calls on the Commission to elaborate criteria for an ‘own intellectual creation’ for copyrightable works produced by computers or robots, only when there is sufficient evidence in terms of technological advancements with robotics and artificial intelligence research supporting such a move;
Amendment 217 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11
Paragraph 11
11. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to ensure that, in the development of any future EU policy on robotics, privacy and data protection guarantees are embedded in line with the principles of necessity and proportionality; calls, in this regard, on the Commission to foster the development of standards for the concepts of privacy by design and privacy by default, informed consent and encryption;
Amendment 230 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12
Paragraph 12
12. Points out that the use of personal data as a 'currency' with which services can be 'bought' could potentially raises new issues in need of clarification; stresses that the use of personal data as a 'currency' must not lead to a circumvention of the basic principles governing the right to privacy and data protection;
Amendment 235 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13
Paragraph 13
13. Calls on the Commission to continue to work on the international harmonisation of technical standards, in particular together with the European Standardisation Organisations and the International Standardisation Organisation, in order to avoid fragmentation of the internal market and to meet consumers’ concernarefully consider the secondary effects on innovation when assessing the harmonisation of technical standards; asks the Commission to carefully analyse existing European legislation with a view to checking the need for adaption and modernisation in certain areas in light of the development of robotics and artificial intelligence;
Amendment 242 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Considers that the automotive sector is inthe most urgent need of European and global rules to ensure the cross- borderadvanced sector in terms of development of automated vehicles so as to fully exploit their economic potential and benefit from the positive effects of technological trends; emphasises that fragmented regulatory approaches would hinder implementation and jeopardise European competitiveness; notes that although current private international law rules on traffic accidents applicable within the EU do not need urgent modification to accommodate the development of autonomous vehicles, simplifying the current dual system for defining applicable law (based on Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council4 and the 1971 Hague Convention on the law applicable to traffic accidents) wcould improve legal certainty and limit possibilities for forum shopping; calls on the Commission to conduct an in- depth study of potential areas where the current legal framework could benefit from a targeted modernization approach; __________________ 4 Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non- contractual obligations (Rome II) (OJ L 199, 31.7.2007, p. 40).
Amendment 250 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16
Paragraph 16
16. Points out that human contact is one of the fundamental aspects of human care; believes that replacing the human factor with robots couldmay never dehumanise caring practices; calls for minimum application of robotics in order to not allow for a replacement of skilled labour force and a threat to basic human interaction and the risk of dehumanisation;
Amendment 263 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18
Paragraph 18
18. Notes the great potentialambiguity of robotics in the field of repairing and compensating for damaged organs and human functions, but also theespecially over complex questions raised in particular by the possibilities of human enhancement; asks for threcommends the future establishment of committees on robot ethics in hospitals and other health care institutions tasked with considering and assisting in resolving unusual, complicated ethical problems involving issues that affect the care and treatment of patients; calls on the Commission and the Member States to develop guidelines to aid in the establishment and functioning of such committees;
Amendment 268 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19
Paragraph 19
19. Stresses the importance of a European framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) to protect the safety, security and privacy of EU citizens,structured dialogue both on national and European level for the advantages and risks with remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) and calls on the Commission for a follow- up to the recommendations of the European Parliament resolution of 29 October 2015 on safe use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), in the field of civil aviation5 ; __________________ 5recommends, that this issue be dealt with separately, due to the variety of topics affected and the fact, that this type of system already applies the 'dual-use' provisions; __________________ 5 Texts adopted, P8_TA(2015)0390. Texts adopted, P8_TA(2015)0390.
Amendment 274 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 20
Paragraph 20
20. Draws attention to the Commission's forecast that by 2020 Europe might be facing a shortage of up to 825 000 ICT professionals and that 90 % of jobs will require at least basic digital skills; welcomes the Commission’s initiative of proposing a roadmap for the possible use and revision of a Digital Competence framework and descriptors of Digital Competences for all levels of learners as a first step into the direction of better aligning labour market shortages and demand;
Amendment 283 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22
Paragraph 22
22. Calls on the Commission to start monitoringanalyse job trends more closely, with a special focus on the creation and loss of jobs in the different fields/areas of qualification in order to know in which fields jobs are being created and those in which jobs are being destroyed as a result of the increased use of robots;
Amendment 285 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23
Paragraph 23
Amendment 301 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24
Paragraph 24
24. Considers that robots' civil liability is a crucial issue which will needs to be addressed at EUall levels so as to ensure the same degree of future transparency, consistency and legal certainty throughout the European Union for the benefit of consumers and businesses alike;
Amendment 305 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 25
Paragraph 25
25. Asks the Commission to submit, on the basis of Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a proposal for a legislative instrumentn in- depth analysis on legal questions related to the development of robotics and artificial intelligence foreseeable in the next 10-15 years, following the detailed recommendations set out in the annex hereto; further calls on the Commission, once technological developments allow the possibility for robots whose degree of autonomy is higher than what is reasonably predictable at present to be developed, to propose an update of the relevant legislation in due time;
Amendment 309 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 26
Paragraph 26
Amendment 310 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 27
Paragraph 27
Amendment 317 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 28
Paragraph 28
Amendment 330 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 30
Paragraph 30
Amendment 335 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 31 – introductory part
Paragraph 31 – introductory part
31. Calls on the Commission, when carrying out an impact assessment of its potential future legislative instrument, to explore the implications of all possible legal solutions, such as:
Amendment 337 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 31 – point a
Paragraph 31 – point a
a) establishing a compulsoryn insurance scheme whereby, similarly to what already happens with cars, producers or owners of robots would be required to take out insurance cover for the damage potentially caused by their robots;
Amendment 339 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 31 – point b
Paragraph 31 – point b
Amendment 344 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 31 – point c
Paragraph 31 – point c
Amendment 346 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 31 – point d
Paragraph 31 – point d
d) deciding whether to create a general fund for all smart autonomous robots or to create an individual fund for each and every robot category, and whether a contribution should be paid as a one-off fee when placing the robot on the market or whether periodic contributions should be paid during the lifetime of the robot;eleted
Amendment 348 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 31 – point e
Paragraph 31 – point e
Amendment 357 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 32
Paragraph 32
32. Notes the potential need also to consider amendments to international agreements such as the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and the Hague Traffic Accident Convention;
Amendment 361 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 33
Paragraph 33
33. Strongly encourages international cooperation in setting regulatory standards under the auspices of the United Nations;
Amendment 362 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 35
Paragraph 35
Amendment 365 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 37
Paragraph 37
37. Considers that the requested proposalimpact assessment and in-depth analysis will not have any financial implications;