32 Amendments of Daniel BUDA related to 2015/2103(INL)
Amendment 9 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital B
Recital B
B. whereas now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence ("”AI"”) seem poised to unleash a new industrial revolution, and especially on the economy as a whole, which is likely to leave no stratum of society untouched, it is vitally important for the legislature to consider all its implications and effects;
Amendment 30 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital E
Recital E
E. whereas at the same time the investments in innovation and the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of employment and retraining and the viability of social security systems if the current basis of taxation is maintained, creating the potential for increased inequality in the hierarchy of social classes and the distribution of wealth and influence;
Amendment 39 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital F
Recital F
F. whereas the causes for concern also include physical safety, for example when a robot'’s code proves fallible, and the potential consequences of system failure, of manufacturing defects or hacking of connected robots and robotic systems at a time when increasingly autonomous applications come into use or are impending whether it be in relation to cars and drones or to, to robots used in the medical care probots anduction process, household robots used for maintaining public order and policing , or to robots used for public safety;
Amendment 50 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital G a (new)
Recital G a (new)
Ga. whereas the protection of intellectual property rights is recognised under Article 17(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and whereas it is necessary to come forward with a balanced approach to intellectual property rights when applied to hardware and software standards and codes that protect innovation and at the same time foster innovation; whereas criteria need to be drawn up for ‘intellectual creation’ of copyrightable works produced by computers or robots;
Amendment 57 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital H
Recital H
H. whereas the '‘soft impacts'’ on human dignity may be difficult to estimate, but will still need to be considered if and when robots replace human care and companionship or medical staff , and whereas questions of human dignity also can arise in the context of 'repairing' or enhancing human beings;
Amendment 68 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital J
Recital J
J. whereas several foreign jurisdictions, such as the US, Japan, China and South Korea, are considering, and to a certain extent have already taken, regulatory action with respect to robotics and AI, and whereas some Member States have also started to reflect on some possibley drawing up legal standards or carrying out legislative changes in order to take account of emerging applications of such technologies;
Amendment 71 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital K
Recital K
K. whereas European industry could benefit from a cohesuitable, efficient, coherent and transparent approach to regulation at European level, providing proper, predictable and sufficiently clear conditions under which enterprises could develop applications and plan their business models on a European scale while ensuring that the EU and its Member States maintain control over the regulatory standards to be set, so as not to be forced to adopt and live with standards set by others, that is to say the third states which are also at the forefront of the development of robotics and AI;
Amendment 78 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital M
Recital M
M. whereas, nevertheless, a series of efficient rules, governing in particular liability and ethics and reflecting the intrinsically European and humanistic values that characterise Europe's contribution to society, are necessary;
Amendment 82 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital N
Recital N
N. whereas the European Union could play an essential role in establishing basic ethical principles to be respected in the design, development, programming and use of robots and AI and in the incorporation of such principles into European regulations and codes of conduct, with the aim of shaping the technological revolution so that it serves humanity and so that the benefits of advanced robotics and AI are broadly shared, while as far as possible avoiding potential pitfalls and risks;
Amendment 88 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital O
Recital O
O. whereas a gradualist, pragmatic, cautious and weighted approach of the type advocated by Jean Monnet2 should be adopted for Europe; __________________ 2 the Schuman Declaration (1950: “Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity”.
Amendment 110 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital T
Recital T
T. whereas, ultimately, robots'’ autonomy raises the question of identifying and clarifying their nature in the light of the existing legal categories – of whether they should be regarded as natural persons, legal persons, animals or objects – or whether a new category should be created, with its own specific features and implications as regards the attribution of rights and duties, including liability for damage;
Amendment 120 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital V
Recital V
V. whereas in the scenario where a robot can take autonomous decisions, the traditional rules in force will not suffice to activate a robot'’s liability, since, among other issues, they would not make it possible to identify the party responsible for providing compensation and to require this party to make good the damage it has caused;
Amendment 124 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital X
Recital X
X. whereas the shortcomings of the current legal framework are also apparent in the area of contractual liability insofar as machines designed to choose their counterparts, negotiate contractual terms, conclude contracts and decide whether and how to implement them make the traditional rules inapplicable, which highlights the need for new, more up-to- date onesefficient and up-to-date ones, which should comply with the technological development and the innovations recently arisen and used on the market;
Amendment 132 #
Motion for a resolution
Recital Z
Recital Z
Z. whereas, notwithstanding the scope of the Directive 85/374/EEC, the current legal framework would not be sufficient to cover the damage caused by the new generation of robots, insofar as they are autonomous and/or can be equipped with adaptive and learning abilities entailing a certain degree of unpredictability in their behaviour, since these robots would autonomously learn from their own, variable experience and interact with their environment in a unique and unforeseeable manner;
Amendment 133 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 1
1. Calls on the Commission to propose a common European definition of smart autonomous robots and their subcategories by taking into consideration the following characteristics of a smart robot: acquires autonomy through sensors and/or by exchanging data with its environment (inter-connectivity) and trades and analyses these data; is self-learning from experience and by interaction (optional criterion); has a physical support adapts its behaviours and actions to its environment;
Amendment 139 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Considers that, within the internal market of the European Union, a system of registration of advanced robots should be introduced, and calls on the Commission to establish criteria for the classification of robots with a view to identifying the robots that would need to be registered; in this context, calls on the Commission to investigate the opportunity to manage the registration system and the related register by an EU Agency for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence;
Amendment 150 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Underlines that many robotic applications are still in an experimental phase; welcomes the fact that more and more research projects are being funded with national and European money; calls on the Commission and the Member States to strengtheninvestigate the possibility of improving financial instruments for research projects in robotics and ICT; emphasises that sufficient resources need to be devoted to the search for solutions to the social and ethical, legal and economic challenges that the technological development and its applications raise;
Amendment 154 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Asks the Commission to foster research programmes that include, in addition to the prior analysis of the opportunity, a mechanism for short-term verification of the outcomes in order to understand what real risks and opportunities are associated with the dissemination of these technologies; calls on the Commission to combine all its effort in order to guarantee a smoother transition for these technologies from research to commercialisation and use on the market, in compliance with the precautionary principle;
Amendment 172 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Notes that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics is nuanced by a set of tensions or risks relating to human safety, privacy, confidentiality, integrity, dignity, autonomy and data ownership;
Amendment 179 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Considers that a guiding and efficient ethical framework for the design, production, development and use of robots is needed to complement the legal recommendations of the report and the existing national and Union acquis; proposes, in the annex to the resolution, a framework in the form of a charter consisting of a code of conduct for robotics engineers, of a code for research ethics committees when reviewing robotics protocols and of model licences for designers and users;
Amendment 183 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7
Paragraph 7
7. Points out that the guiding ethical framework should be based on the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and, autonomy and justice, as well as on the principles enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, such as human dignity and human rights, equality, justice and equity, non-discrimination and non- stigmatisation, autonomy and individual responsibility, informed consent, protection of intellectual property, privacy and social responsibility, and on existing ethical practices and codes;
Amendment 201 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8
Paragraph 8
8. Calls for the creation of a European Agency for robotics and artificial intelligence in order to provide the technical, ethical and regulatory expertise needed to support the relevant public actors, at both EU and Member State level, in their efforts to ensure a timely and well- informed response to the new opportunities and challenges arising from the technological development of robotics; in this respect, the European Agency for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence should manage the registration system for advanced robots, including the register;
Amendment 209 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Considers that the potential of robotics use and the present investment dynamics justify the European Agency being equipped with a proper budget and being staffed with regulators and external technical and ethical experts dedicated to the cross-sectorial and multidisciplinary monitoring of robotics-based applications, identifying standards for best practice, and, where appropriate, recommending regulatory measures, defining new principles and addressing potential consumer protection issues, protection of intellectual property and systematic challenges; asks the Commission and the European Agency to report to the European Parliament on the latest developments in robotics and on any actions that need to be taken on an annual basis;
Amendment 237 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14
Paragraph 14
14. Emphasises that testing robots in real-life scenarios is essential for the identification and assessment of the risks they might entail, as well as of their technological development beyond a pure experimental laboratory phase; underlines, in this regard, that testing of robots in real- life scenarios, in particular in cities and on roads, raises numerous problems and requires an effective monitoring mechanism; calls on the Commission to draw up uniform criteria across all Member States which individual Member States should use in order to identify areas where experiments with robots are permitted, in compliance with the precautionary principle;
Amendment 241 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15
Paragraph 15
15. Considers that the automotive sector is in most urgent need of European and global efficient rules to ensure the cross-border development of automated vehicles so as to fully exploit their economic potential and benefit from the positive effects of technological trends; emphasises that fragmented regulatory approaches would hinder implementation and jeopardise European competitiveness; notes that although current private international law rules on traffic accidents applicable within the EU do not need urgent modification to accommodate the development of autonomous vehicles, simplifying the current dual system for defining applicable law (based on Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council4 and the 1971 Hague Convention on the law applicable to traffic accidents) would improve legal certainty and limit possibilities for forum shopping; __________________ 4 Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non- contractual obligations (Rome II) (OJ L 199, 31.7.2007, p. 40).
Amendment 256 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17
Paragraph 17
17. Underlines the importance of appropriate training and preparation for doctors and care assistantsall medical staff, in order to secure the highest degree of professional competence possible, as well as tofor the safety and protection of patients' health; in this context, calls on the Commission and the European Agency for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence to take all measures deemed necessary; underlines the need to define the minimum professional requirements that a surgeon must meet in order to be allowed to use surgical robots; emphasises the special importance of training for users to allow them to familiarise themselves with the technological requirements in this field; draws attention to the rising trend towards self-diagnosis using a mobile robot which makes diagnoses and might take over the role of a doctor;
Amendment 269 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19
Paragraph 19
19. Stresses the importance of a European framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) to protect the safety, security and privacy of EU citizens, and calls on the Commission for a follow- up to the recommendations of the European Parliament resolution of 29 October 2015 on safe use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), in the field of civil aviation5; __________________ 5 Texts adopted, P8_TA(2015)0390.
Amendment 281 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22
Paragraph 22
22. Calls on the Commission to start monitoring job trends more closely, with a special focus on the creation and evaluation of loss of jobs in the different fields/areas of qualification in order to know in which fields jobs are being created and those in which jobs are being destroyed as a result of the increased use of robots, with a view to taking measures for development or enhancement, as appropriate;
Amendment 294 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23
Paragraph 23
23. Bearing in mind the effects that the development and deploymentuse of robotics and AI might have on employment and, consequently, on the viability of the social security systems of the Member States and on national economies, consideration should be given to the possible need to introduce corporate reporting requirements on the extent and proportion of the contribution of robotics and AI to the economic results of a company for the purpose of taxation and social security contributions, in compliance with the principle of proportionality; takes the view that in the light of the possible effects on the labour market of robotics and AI the possibility of establishing a general basic income should be seriously consideranalysed, and invites all Member States to do so;
Amendment 299 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24
Paragraph 24
24. Considers that robots’ civil liability is a crucial issue which needs to be addressed at EU level so as to ensure the same degree of efficiency, transparency, consistency, implementation and legal certainty throughout the European Union for the benefit of consumers and businesses alike;
Amendment 306 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 25
Paragraph 25
25. Asks the Commission to submit, on the basis of Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a proposal for a legislative instrument on legal questions related to the development and use of robotics and artificial intelligence foreseeable in the next 10-15 years, following the detailed recommendations set out in the annex hereto; further calls on the Commission, once technological developments allow the possibility for robots whose degree of autonomy is higher than what is reasonably predictable at present to be developed, to propose an update of the relevant legislation in due timas soon as possible;
Amendment 333 #
Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 30
Paragraph 30
30. Considers that, as is the case with the insurance of motor vehicles, such an insurance system could be supplemented by a fund in order to ensure that reparation can be made for damage in cases where no insurance cover exists; calls on the insurance industry to develop new products and types of offers that are in line with the advances in robotics;