45 Amendments of Milan BRGLEZ related to 2020/2012(INL)
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion
Recital A
Recital A
A. Whereas the Union is founded on the ethical values stated in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union;
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion
Recital A a (new)
Recital A a (new)
Aa. Whereas rapid advances in contemporary scientific research and innovation in the fields of environment, health and food safety have raised a number of important ethical, legal and social issues that affect the relationship between science and society;
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion
Recital A b (new)
Recital A b (new)
Ab. Whereas environment, health and food safety research and innovation activities carried out in Europe must comply with ethical principles and relevant national, Union and international legislation, including the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights and its Supplementary Protocols1a; _________________ 1aArticle 19 of Regulation (EU) No 1291/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing Horizon 2020 - the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020) and repealing Decision No 1982/2006/EC Text with EEA relevance
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion
Recital B
Recital B
B. Whereas the artificial intelligence (AI) global leadership race, which will determine the source of ethical values and standards shaping the sector worldwide, is picking up the pace and the Union should set an example for the rest of the world;
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion
Recital B a (new)
Recital B a (new)
Amendment 14 #
Draft opinion
Recital B
Recital B
B. Wwhereas AI potentially offers economic and societal benefits, while at the same time raising a number of challengesfor example with regard to fighting inequalities and improving the quality of life, while at the same time raising a number of challenges; whereas the application of AI at the workplace can help to improve occupational health and safety, while it can also be used to monitor, evaluate, predict and steer the performance of workers with direct and implicit consequences for their careers and on their mental well-being;
Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion
Recital C
Recital C
C. Whereas AI solutions may benefit society in the areas of green transition, environment protection,and biodiversity protection, circular economy and waste management, climate change, energy management and efficiency, water and air quality, e.g. smart grids and electro-mobilityarth observation and risk management, among others;
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion
Recital C a (new)
Recital C a (new)
Ca. Whereas in its digital package published on 19 February 2020 the Commission states that ICT today accounts for between 5% and 9% of global electricity consumption and 2% of CO2 emissions and that the volume of data transferred and stored will continue to grow exponentially in the years to come; whereas the 2018 Joint Research Centre study “Artificial Intelligence/A European Perspective” estimates that data centres and data transmission could account for 3-4% of all power consumption of the Union;
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion
Recital C b (new)
Recital C b (new)
Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion
Recital C c (new)
Recital C c (new)
Cc. Whereas properly regulated AI would help guide efforts to achieve the UN SDGs and help reach the climate objectives of the Paris Agreement;
Amendment 28 #
Draft opinion
Recital C a (new)
Recital C a (new)
Ca. whereas 42% of workers in companies that apply AI in their business processes believe that such activities lead to ethical issues, which must be addressed; whereas 28% of the employers believe that the application of AI has not developed at full scale because of a lack of ethical rules on this issue1a; _________________________ 1aCapgeminiResearch Institute, “Why addressing ethical questions in AI will benefit organizations”, July 2019
Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion
Recital D
Recital D
D. Whereas AI can be applied to almost any field in medicine: biomedical research, exemplified by the AI-discovered antibiotic Halicin or AI contributions to new cancer prevention, more precise diagnosis and new therapies, medical education, clinical decision-making, personalized medicine, psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, in revolutionizing robotic prostheses and support systems, telemedicine, telesurgery and the overall efficiency of the health systems;
Amendment 32 #
Draft opinion
Recital C b (new)
Recital C b (new)
Cb. whereas the OECD has drawn up recommendations on artificial intelligence1a; __________________ 1aOECD, “Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence”, 2019, https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instr uments/OECD-LEGAL-0449
Amendment 34 #
Draft opinion
Recital C c (new)
Recital C c (new)
Cc. whereas the Council of the European Union encourages the promotion of an ethical and human- centred approach with regard to AI1a; __________________ 1aCouncil of the European Union “Council Conclusions on Shaping Europe’s Digital future”, June 2020
Amendment 36 #
Draft opinion
Recital C d (new)
Recital C d (new)
Cd. whereas there are no common provisions at Union level, as regards the application of AI at the workplace, which could lead to market distortions and competition disadvantages; whereas unified rules are necessary to provide workers and companies with a reliable regulatory framework;
Amendment 37 #
Draft opinion
Recital C e (new)
Recital C e (new)
Ce. whereas social partners at Union level concluded a framework agreement on digitalisation, which amongst others includes a chapter on “Artificial intelligence and guaranteeing the human in control principle” 1a; __________________ 1a European Social Partners Framework Agreement on Digitalisation, June 2020
Amendment 38 #
Draft opinion
Recital C f (new)
Recital C f (new)
Cf. whereas some Member States have already established special bodies to monitor and assess the influence of AI at the workplace;
Amendment 39 #
Draft opinion
Recital C g (new)
Recital C g (new)
Cg. whereas workers and their representatives are often neither aware of AI applications nor the underlying functions and data; whereas lacking awareness and competitive pressure led to some companies applying AI in breach of existing regulations, such as data protection;
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion
Recital E
Recital E
E. Whereas current policy and ethical guidelines for AI are lagging behind ethical challenges that must be identified and mitigated, since AI has tremendous capability to threaten patient preference, safety, and privacy; whereas the boundaries between the roles of physicianmedical professionals and carers and machines in patient care need to be outlined;
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion
Recital C h (new)
Recital C h (new)
Ch. whereas efforts to tackle gender bias and inequality in the digital sector are insufficient; whereas the gender gap persists across all digital technology domains and especially with regard to AI, thereby solidifying a male-biased trajectory for the digital sector in the foreseeable future;
Amendment 48 #
Draft opinion
Recital F
Recital F
F. Whereas AI solutions may benefit society in the area of food safety and Farming 2.0, where the Union holds leadership in AI applications, especially in areas where water resources are scarce and climate change has severe impacts;
Amendment 50 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 1
1. Highlights the need to thoroughly assess the effects or implications of AI applications in companies and in public administration in relation to workers, jobs and workflows; considers it indispensable as part of this assessment that workers and their representatives are consulted and receive sufficient information before AI applications are put to use; underlines that the deployment of AI needs to be transparent and that AI systems at the workplace must not undermine the privacy and dignity of workers;
Amendment 61 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 2
2. Points out that AI solutions have the potential to improve working conditions and the quality of life, yet they can also lead to disproportionate and illegal surveillance of workers, discriminatory treatment due to biased algorithms, including gender or ethnically biased algorithms3 - and they can undermine the dignity and autonomy of peopland algorithms that are to the detriment of vulnerable groups and that undermine the privacy and dignity of workers; is concerned, furthermore, that AI can undermine the dignity and autonomy of workers and contribute to mental health problems, such as burnout, occupational stress, psychological overload and fatigue; __________________ 3 European Parliament “Education and employment of women in science, technology and the digital economy, including AI and its influence on gender equality”, April 2020
Amendment 63 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 1 a (new)
Paragraph 1 a (new)
1a. Underlines the importance of the “right to explanation” of any decision taken by automated processing, this is the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision taken by an automated system4a; states, therefore, that ultimately, humans should keep the responsibility for decision making, especially in sectors where there are high stakes and risks such as health; _________________ 4a Article 22 GDPR Regulation
Amendment 67 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 (new)
Paragraph 2 – subparagraph 1 (new)
Underlines that competent authorities should have access to all information concerning the data used for training, statistical models and theoretical principles related to AI solutions as well as the empirical validity of their outcomes;
Amendment 75 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 2 a (new)
Paragraph 2 a (new)
2a. Highlights that many of the proposals by countries which are not members of the Union and by international organizations revolve around common principles or concepts for AI, those being: human-centricness, trustworthiness, respect for human autonomy, harm prevention, equity and "no one left behind" and explicability; is of the opinion that an international ethical framework around these principles would be highly desirable; is concerned about AI progress and innovations leading to social inequality if no action is taken; calls therefore on the Commission and Member States to take the necessary measures to leave no one behind in the transition to a digital Europe, and to guarantee a fair, affordable and equal access to these innovations especially in areas such as healthcare;
Amendment 80 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 3
3. Considers that it should be mandatory for users and consumers to receive all relevant information on the ethical aspects of AI applications so that they may mto take informed decisions;
Amendment 81 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 a (new)
Paragraph 3 – subparagraph 1 a (new)
Underlines that trustworthy AI has to be fair, transparent, safe and secure and to comply with all applicable laws and regulations including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) throughout the system’s entire life cycle, especially when it is deployed at the workplace;
Amendment 93 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Stresses the need to ensure that productivity gains due to the development and use of AI and robotics do not only benefit company owners and shareholders, but also society at large, especially where such gains come at the expense of jobs; underlines that companies deploying AI have the responsibility to provide the necessary re- and upskilling for the employees concerned;
Amendment 98 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Notes that, with the rapid development of AI and the uncertainty that lies ahead, a common Union AI ethical framework will expand an ecosystem of trust as defined in the Commission White Paper, whether in environment protection, healthcare or food safety applications, thus supporting the ecosystem of excellence in legal certainty and providing effective response to the challenges yet not defined in courtrooms, management meetings or scientific laboratories; points out that ethics is not made up of permanent principles, but has been changing over the course of various cultures and times; supports in this regard that the framework should be periodically reviewed to guarantee its applicability through time and new developments;
Amendment 100 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 5
Paragraph 5
5. Calls for the application of the precautionary principle with regard to new technologies based on AI; underlines that humans must always be in control of machines and AI and that AI decisions must be reversiblecontestable and reversible; stresses that safety and security standards for AI must be respected and the importance of regular checks and controls in this regard to prevent erroneous AI output;
Amendment 106 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 5 a (new)
Paragraph 5 a (new)
5a. Stresses that applicants must be duly informed in writing in case AI is used in the course of recruitment procedures and how in this case a human review can be requested in view of reversing an automated decision;
Amendment 115 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 5 a (new)
Paragraph 5 a (new)
5a. Considers that in areas such as health, liability must ultimately lie with a natural or legal person; emphasizes the need for traceable and publicly available training data for algorithms;
Amendment 117 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6 – subparagraph 1a (new)
Paragraph 6 – subparagraph 1a (new)
Stresses that the Skills Agenda for Europe must address the challenges of adapting and acquiring skills and knowledge, in view of the ecological and digital transition, including ethical aspects of AI, robotics and related technologies; underlines the need to make ethical aspects of AI an integral part of any education and training curricular for developers and people working with AI; considers it likewise important to ensure the comprehensive information of end users and consumers in this regard;
Amendment 118 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 5 b (new)
Paragraph 5 b (new)
5b. Emphasises that patients should know when and how they are interacting with a human professional and when they are not; insists that patients should have the freedom to decide about this interaction and should be offered an alternative of equal standard;
Amendment 120 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6 a (new)
Paragraph 6 a (new)
6a. Stresses that developers, programmers, decision-makers and companies providing AI and robotics solutions must be aware of their ethical responsibility when it comes to providing AI and robotics solutions;
Amendment 123 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Calls for citizen and patient empowerment regarding their personal data and for securing the full enforcement of Union legal framework on data protection and privacy, relevant notably in the healthcare AI applications and related sensitive data, to strengthen the “Right to an explanation” foreseen in Article 22 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council (General Data Protection Regulation, (GDPR))2 and higher interpretability requirements for high-risk AI; _________________ 2Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1).
Amendment 123 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6 b (new)
Paragraph 6 b (new)
6b. Underlines that AI must not in any way affect the exercise of fundamental rights as recognised in the Member States and at Union level, including the right or freedom to strike or to take other action covered by the specific industrial relations systems in Member States, in accordance with national law and/or practice, nor affect the right to negotiate, to conclude and enforce collective agreements, or to take collective action in accordance with national law and/or practice;
Amendment 125 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6 c (new)
Paragraph 6 c (new)
6c. Calls for a legislative framework on the ethical aspects of AI applications at the workplace, in order to ensure a level- playing field and fair competition in the Single Market, especially with regard to workers’ rights as well as working conditions and the protection from disproportionate and illegal surveillance; calls on the Commission to consult with social partners and other stakeholders such as researchers and developers in this regard as well to explore the potential of digital technology and AI to increase the well-being of the workforce, including a better allocation of tasks, augmented competence development and work capacities as well as the reduction of exposure to harmful working conditions;
Amendment 126 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6 d (new)
Paragraph 6 d (new)
6d. Underlines that special attention must be payed to data collected at the workplace with the help of AI in so far as it is used for human resources decisions; calls on the Commission to analyse the need for special provisions on data protection at the workplace in the context of AI; stresses that workers must be the owners of their data;
Amendment 127 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6 e (new)
Paragraph 6 e (new)
6e. Underlines that AI must not reinforce gender inequalities and stereotypes by transforming analogue biases and prejudices into digital ones through algorithms;
Amendment 128 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6 a (new)
Paragraph 6 a (new)
6a. Highlights, in the healthcare sector, that data originated from patients using AI technologies should fulfil all the privacy requirements as stipulated in the GDPR, and that by no means, the data generated should contribute to any kind of discrimination (known or novel); calls on the Commission and Member States to guarantee that data accessibility to private companies, such as health or life insurance companies, is prevented and that the “right to be forgotten” of patients is fully respected;
Amendment 153 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 8 a (new)
Paragraph 8 a (new)
8a. Points out that the use of tracking and contact tracing technologies by public authorities during the COVID 19 crisis and other potential health emergencies might conflict with data protection; recalls in this regard the Commission Guidance on applications supporting the fight against the COVID 19 pandemic in relation to data protection and the need for proportionality, limitation in time, alignment with European values and respect of human dignity and fundamental rights;
Amendment 156 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 8 b (new)
Paragraph 8 b (new)
8b. Highlights that AI and robotics can bring numerous benefits to our environment, health and food safety as the dematerialisation of the economy makes the Union less dependent on raw materials or on the increased use of personalised medicine; underlines however, that their carbon footprint remains still high; calls on the Commission to carry out a study on the impact of AI technology’s carbon footprint and the positive and negative impacts of the transition to the use of AI technology by consumers; further calls on the Commission to include the footprint information in the common European Dataspace for Smart Circular Applications foreseen in the EU Action Plan on Circular Economy and to deal specifically with these technologies within the ICT key value chain of the above- mentioned plan;
Amendment 163 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Calls for securing sufficient financing for the Union AI transformation; supports the ambitions laid out in the Commission White Paper to attract €200 billion of AI public and private investment in the next 10 years in the Union; welcomes the attention granted to deficits of AI ecosystems in less-developed regions and to the needs of SMEs and start-ups; calls on the Commission to facilitate geographically balanced access to allidentify public infrastructure and promote the prioritization of AI funding, in cluding for SMEs and start- upsimate change mitigation and adaptation, renewable energies and health; stresses that the new Union objectives must not diminish Union engagement in its long standing priorities, like the CAP or, Cohesion Policy., the Green Deal and the COVID19 Recovery Plan;