21 Amendments of Cristina MAESTRE MARTÍN DE ALMAGRO related to 2020/2012(INL)
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion
Recital A
Recital A
A. Whereas the Union is founded on the ethical values stated in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union;
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion
Recital A a (new)
Recital A a (new)
Aa. Whereas rapid advances in contemporary scientific research and innovation in the fields of environment, health and food safety have raised a number of important ethical, legal and social issues that affect the relationship between science and society;
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion
Recital A b (new)
Recital A b (new)
Ab. Whereas environment, health and food safety research and innovation activities carried out in Europe must comply with ethical principles and relevant national, Union and international legislation, including the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights and its Supplementary Protocols1a; _________________ 1aArticle 19 of Regulation (EU) No 1291/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2013 establishing Horizon 2020 - the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020) and repealing Decision No 1982/2006/EC Text with EEA relevance
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion
Recital B
Recital B
B. Whereas the artificial intelligence (AI) global leadership race, which will determine the source of ethical values and standards shaping the sector worldwide, is picking up the pace and the Union should set an example for the rest of the world;
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion
Recital B a (new)
Recital B a (new)
Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion
Recital C
Recital C
C. Whereas AI solutions may benefit society in the areas of green transition, environment protection,and biodiversity protection, circular economy and waste management, climate change, energy management and efficiency, water and air quality, e.g. smart grids and electro-mobilityarth observation and risk management, among others;
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion
Recital C a (new)
Recital C a (new)
Ca. Whereas in its digital package published on 19 February 2020 the Commission states that ICT today accounts for between 5% and 9% of global electricity consumption and 2% of CO2 emissions and that the volume of data transferred and stored will continue to grow exponentially in the years to come; whereas the 2018 Joint Research Centre study “Artificial Intelligence/A European Perspective” estimates that data centres and data transmission could account for 3-4% of all power consumption of the Union;
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion
Recital C b (new)
Recital C b (new)
Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion
Recital C c (new)
Recital C c (new)
Cc. Whereas properly regulated AI would help guide efforts to achieve the UN SDGs and help reach the climate objectives of the Paris Agreement;
Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion
Recital D
Recital D
D. Whereas AI can be applied to almost any field in medicine: biomedical research, exemplified by the AI-discovered antibiotic Halicin or AI contributions to new cancer prevention, more precise diagnosis and new therapies, medical education, clinical decision-making, personalized medicine, psychiatric diagnosis and treatment, in revolutionizing robotic prostheses and support systems, telemedicine, telesurgery and the overall efficiency of the health systems;
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion
Recital E
Recital E
E. Whereas current policy and ethical guidelines for AI are lagging behind ethical challenges that must be identified and mitigated, since AI has tremendous capability to threaten patient preference, safety, and privacy; whereas the boundaries between the roles of physicianmedical professionals and carers and machines in patient care need to be outlined;
Amendment 63 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 1 a (new)
Paragraph 1 a (new)
1a. Underlines the importance of the “right to explanation” of any decision taken by automated processing, this is the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision taken by an automated system4a; states, therefore, that ultimately, humans should keep the responsibility for decision making, especially in sectors where there are high stakes and risks such as health; _________________ 4a Article 22 GDPR Regulation
Amendment 75 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 2 a (new)
Paragraph 2 a (new)
2a. Highlights that many of the proposals by countries which are not members of the Union and by international organizations revolve around common principles or concepts for AI, those being: human-centricness, trustworthiness, respect for human autonomy, harm prevention, equity and "no one left behind" and explicability; is of the opinion that an international ethical framework around these principles would be highly desirable; is concerned about AI progress and innovations leading to social inequality if no action is taken; calls therefore on the Commission and Member States to take the necessary measures to leave no one behind in the transition to a digital Europe, and to guarantee a fair, affordable and equal access to these innovations especially in areas such as healthcare;
Amendment 98 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 4
4. Notes that, with the rapid development of AI and the uncertainty that lies ahead, a common Union AI ethical framework will expand an ecosystem of trust as defined in the Commission White Paper, whether in environment protection, healthcare or food safety applications, thus supporting the ecosystem of excellence in legal certainty and providing effective response to the challenges yet not defined in courtrooms, management meetings or scientific laboratories; points out that ethics is not made up of permanent principles, but has been changing over the course of various cultures and times; supports in this regard that the framework should be periodically reviewed to guarantee its applicability through time and new developments;
Amendment 115 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 5 a (new)
Paragraph 5 a (new)
5a. Considers that in areas such as health, liability must ultimately lie with a natural or legal person; emphasizes the need for traceable and publicly available training data for algorithms;
Amendment 118 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 5 b (new)
Paragraph 5 b (new)
5b. Emphasises that patients should know when and how they are interacting with a human professional and when they are not; insists that patients should have the freedom to decide about this interaction and should be offered an alternative of equal standard;
Amendment 123 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6
Paragraph 6
6. Calls for citizen and patient empowerment regarding their personal data and for securing the full enforcement of Union legal framework on data protection and privacy, relevant notably in the healthcare AI applications and related sensitive data, to strengthen the “Right to an explanation” foreseen in Article 22 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council (General Data Protection Regulation, (GDPR))2 and higher interpretability requirements for high-risk AI; _________________ 2Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (OJ L 119, 4.5.2016, p. 1).
Amendment 128 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 6 a (new)
Paragraph 6 a (new)
6a. Highlights, in the healthcare sector, that data originated from patients using AI technologies should fulfil all the privacy requirements as stipulated in the GDPR, and that by no means, the data generated should contribute to any kind of discrimination (known or novel); calls on the Commission and Member States to guarantee that data accessibility to private companies, such as health or life insurance companies, is prevented and that the “right to be forgotten” of patients is fully respected;
Amendment 153 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 8 a (new)
Paragraph 8 a (new)
8a. Points out that the use of tracking and contact tracing technologies by public authorities during the COVID 19 crisis and other potential health emergencies might conflict with data protection; recalls in this regard the Commission Guidance on applications supporting the fight against the COVID 19 pandemic in relation to data protection and the need for proportionality, limitation in time, alignment with European values and respect of human dignity and fundamental rights;
Amendment 156 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 8 b (new)
Paragraph 8 b (new)
8b. Highlights that AI and robotics can bring numerous benefits to our environment, health and food safety as the dematerialisation of the economy makes the Union less dependent on raw materials or on the increased use of personalised medicine; underlines however, that their carbon footprint remains still high; calls on the Commission to carry out a study on the impact of AI technology’s carbon footprint and the positive and negative impacts of the transition to the use of AI technology by consumers; further calls on the Commission to include the footprint information in the common European Dataspace for Smart Circular Applications foreseen in the EU Action Plan on Circular Economy and to deal specifically with these technologies within the ICT key value chain of the above- mentioned plan;
Amendment 163 #
Draft opinion
Paragraph 9
Paragraph 9
9. Calls for securing sufficient financing for the Union AI transformation; supports the ambitions laid out in the Commission White Paper to attract €200 billion of AI public and private investment in the next 10 years in the Union; welcomes the attention granted to deficits of AI ecosystems in less-developed regions and to the needs of SMEs and start-ups; calls on the Commission to facilitate geographically balanced access to allidentify public infrastructure and promote the prioritization of AI funding, in cluding for SMEs and start- upsimate change mitigation and adaptation, renewable energies and health; stresses that the new Union objectives must not diminish Union engagement in its long standing priorities, like the CAP or, Cohesion Policy., the Green Deal and the COVID19 Recovery Plan;