The Commission presents a second report on progress towards achieving the aims of the EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges’, which was adopted in 2010.

Since then, further EU development policy commitments have been undertaken to reinforce priorities established in 2010. An implementation plan was produced and discussed in Council in April 2013, which requested that the European Commission establishes, jointly with Member States, consolidated EU-wide biennial progress reports from 2014 onwards.

Therefore, the Commission coordinates this second report with inputs from the following Member States: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom. It sets out how the EU and its Member States are delivering on the policy priorities for food and nutrition security , agreed in 2013.

Main findings: the report illustrates that EU development cooperation is making a substantial contribution to global food and nutrition security through its EUR 3.7 billion in investments. The EU and its Member States have been instrumental in influencing key global agreements and commitments, and through their food and nutrition security programming are now well placed to support their implementation.

The report indicates significant alignment with the EU policy framework . The EU and its Member States have renewed policy commitments to food and nutrition security and in a number of cases have substantially improved their focus and funding.

Among the main recommendations made in the report regarding the way forward are the following;

keep food and nutrition security at the forefront of the global and national policy agenda to support implementation of the sustainable development goals. Continued emphasis is needed on transforming the role of women and on building the resilience of vulnerable communities; strengthen a joint multi-sectoral approach to tackling under nutrition : the EU and its Member States must give more attention to coordination when engaging with partner governments in policy dialogue to improve the implementation of nutrition initiatives; join forces to support partner countries to address the impact of climate change , while implementing the best options to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from farming and rural areas: due attention will be given to programmes that provide small-scale family farmers with multiple benefits in terms of food and nutrition security and climate change adaptation and mitigation; recognise rural transformation as a critical process to create jobs, raise income and achieve food and nutrition security in the long-term : more work is needed to create the conditions for economic investment and development in rural areas; enhance mechanisms to boost responsible private sector engagement and to learn from inclusive business models : create effective public private partnerships that ensure governance mechanisms in which producer organisations and civil society organisations have a voice, and strengthen ‘inclusive business’ approaches; ensure continued investment in research and innovation and scale up the impact of investment : there is a need to mobilise European expertise and research resources and strengthen partnerships between European and southern research institutions, including through the jointly funded EU Africa Research Partnership. Further work is also needed to better understand future food and nutrition security trends and risks and possible responses to them; strengthen results reporting , through substantially improved data gathering, monitoring and impact assessment mechanisms at all levels; strengthen joint programming , with improved joint programing initiatives in at least three countries.

The Commission presents its first biennial report on the Implementation Plan for Food and Nutrition Security. The report looks at how the disbursements and specific interventions made in 2012 aligned with the six policy priorities in the Plan and how the EU and its Member States adhered to the principles of coherence, complementarity and coordination in addressing these priorities.

The main findings of the report may be summarised as follows :

Overall figures : EU donors invested almost EUR 3.4 billion in food and nutrition security in 2012, corresponding to approximately 8% of their total official development assistance (ODA). Interventions were split among 2500 programmes and covered more than 115 countries. The majority of interventions (approximately 65%) operated at country level. Geographically, Africa was the largest recipient of funds in 2012, receiving 43% of total contributions. In Africa, Member States focused their support on specific countries, while the EU had a broader geographical spread.

Distribution of disbursements : more than half of all the funds disbursed in 2012 (EUR 2 billion, approximately 60% of the total) were allocated to Priority 1, demonstrating that improving smallholder resilience and rural livelihoods was an important objective of combined EU assistance. Some 1560 programmes in more than 100 countries were funded. Priority 1 was followed by Priority 5 (Enhance nutrition) which received 14%, and Priority 2 (Support effective governance) at 12%.

Coordination, complementarity and coherence (3Cs) :

· With 44 countries supported by more than five EU donors, coordination plays an important rol e in ensuring EU aid effectiveness at country level, with the EU aligning with the food and nutrition security strategies and agricultural investment plans of partner countries. Existing structures, such as sector working groups (which are often not limited to only EU donors), are regarded as key mechanisms.

· The EU’s joint programming contributes significantly to EU and its Member States’complementarity and synergies . Since 2011, joint programming processes have been started in approximately 20 partner countries, although in each country the process is at a different stage. An example of joint programming by the EU and its Member States is the development of an EU+ Road Map for nutrition in Ethiopia.

· Actions falling under the six priorities have been reported to be consistent with partner countries’ strategies. Coordination within the EIARD platform fosters joint policies and strategies in Europe and also helps build coherence, coordination and complementarity. These formal and informal arrangements also serve to coordinate EU donors’ participation in international fora and initiatives. This includes the UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council, CFS, the SUN Movement, the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2), G8 and G20.

The report notes the following findings :

· There may be opportunities for EU donors to operate more efficiently : 68 partner countries received less than EUR 3 million on average per donor. Average payment size is EUR 1.34 million. This is most striking in Central America, where four countries are supported by four or more donors with an average amount per donor of less than EUR 2.2 million. EU donors need to continue to improve their division of labour, under partner countries’ leadership of course.

· Demand-led research, extension and innovation needs more attention , both in terms of increased investments in accordance with 2010 commitments and, in particular, to ensure the translation of results into action on the ground so as to maximise impact.

· EU donors’ coordination at country level should move beyond information sharing . Coordination mechanisms have been particularly successful at global, continental and regional levels, as shown by the EIARD experience and in West Africa by the ECOWAP coordination mechanism for development partners. However, at country level there is scope for improvement by taking coordination beyond information sharing for greater coherence, complementarity and lesson sharing.

· In partner countries, there is a potential for more dialogue with farmers’ organisations, local and international NGOs and the private sector , especially regarding national programme formulation and implementation. This should be pursued in all our partner countries. A case study carried out in Ethiopia demonstrated that the joint European contribution to addressing food and nutrition security was very relevant in terms of policy development and investments.

· Joint programming in relation to food and nutrition security needs to be strengthened . This can also lead to more joint result-based frameworks, monitoring and evaluation, including at community level.

Lastly, the Commission stresses that the methodology used to develop this report will be improved. The next report will deal with selected topics and policy priorities, and put more emphasis on results/impacts. It will also be illustrated by case studies undertaken with partners and with Member States.

The European Parliament adopted a resolution on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges, in response to the Commission communication on the same subject.

Members recall that the number of people suffering from hunger amounted to 925 million in 2010 according to the FAO and that hunger and malnutrition are the main causes of human mortality. However, the World Bank estimates that growth in the agricultural sector is twice as effective at reducing poverty as growth in other sectors, but having regard also to the importance of investing in rural non-farm sector growth and job creation,

Parliament also recalls that that there has been a rise in food prices since August 2010, following a trend over the last ten years, with levels now higher than during the food price peak of 2008. The volatility of commodity prices is impacting greatly on low income countries and the poorest and most vulnerable and marginalised segments of the populations of developing countries.

Against this background, an EU policy framework on food and nutrition security is necessary, because the number of people suffering from hunger is unacceptable . Parliament calls for urgent steps to be taken to fulfil internationally binding commitments and make the right to adequate and nutritious food a reality.

Whilst generally welcoming the Commission Communication, Parliament considers that the world food crisis represents, in addition to a humanitarian disaster on an unprecedented scale, a major threat to peace and security worldwide, and that, even though credit should be given to the Commission's commitment to seeking out solutions that could lift a billion people out of extreme poverty, the European Union and the Member States must, as a matter of urgency, make new investments in agriculture and rural development, above all in view of the new CAP text, introducing dedicated mechanisms for building sufficiently large world stocks of basic foodstuffs, removing their own barriers to trade, and reducing the debt of the countries most affected. The Commission should take greater account of the question of food security in some countries when calculating development aid and Member States should support the development of the implementation plan in support of the Food Security Policy Framework .

Recalling that emergency mechanisms must not be a long-term solution, Members call for more resources to be deployed in order to ensure the continuity of aid and for the debate to focus on the flexibility and complementarity of existing financial instruments, particularly the development impact of its CAP reform proposals in order to improve coherence between the CAP and EU development policy objectives.

Other more detailed actions are as follows:

increase support in favour of sustainable smallholders; increase public investments in research for sustainable agro-ecological production systems that also improve the productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural and rural sector; the need for a partnership approach with the whole range of development stakeholders on food security, in particular local and regional authorities and civil society organisations; the Commission, the Member States and other development aid donors, including NGOs, to target their investment more closely on the agricultural sector in order to provide local people with a reason not to move elsewhere; prioritise agriculture in its development aid, including assistance to farmers in accessing markets; strengthen the vital role played by women, via on-the-spot processing and the widespread use of loans and microcredits; provide the necessary infrastructure, such as roads, market linkages and information on the markets themselves and on the scope for product diversification; strengthen education and training; involve local agricultural organisations and strengthen local associations.

Members agree that EU assistance programmes should focus on approaches that strengthen biodiversity, prevent the degradation of fertile land and promote low-external-input (LEI) practices while increasing agricultural output in developing countries. The EU should also contribute to promoting the use of seeds from local varieties which are adapted to climatic conditions in developing countries and which can be easily stored, as they are free of intellectual property rights.

More sustainable production : Members consider, in view of the growing global population and increasing pressure on natural resources, that it is essential to establish more sustainable, energy-saving and efficient forms of production at world level. They demand that the allocation of aid by the EU and Member States be tied to the development of sustainable and energy self-sufficient agricultural production systems , and that a part of this aid contribute to the setting up of facilities for generating renewable energy (for example based on wind and sun) and good water management. Parliament calls on the Commission to support the development of agro-processing capacities in partner countries in order to reduce post-harvest losses, extend the shelf-life and preservation of food and develop better storage facilities.

Food as a human right : Parliament recalls that access to adequate food is a universal human right, and urges partner countries to implement the FAO voluntary guidelines on the right to food. It also r ecalls that agricultural development must be grounded in the right to food and the right to produce food. It underlines the EU commitment to gradually phase out export subsidies, in parallel with similar measures being taken by WTO partners, and stresses in parallel the need for ensuring equal access of local populations to food in these countries. Members note that c urrent production capacities in some developing countries may not cover needs and that achieving long-term food security requires a reduction in import dependencies by building up these domestic capacities.

The Commission is called upon to: (i) draw up a specific Communication on the nutritional dimension into EU programmes; (ii) recognise the fundamental role of women, as smallholder farmers, in food and nutrition security; (iii) focus on the implementation of actions to ensure that the most vulnerable, especially in rural areas, can benefit from agriculture training opportunities, education on nutrition, good health and work conditions and a safety net if it is needed; (iv) continue their ongoing consultation processes with global civil society and non-state actors, in particular with farmers’, fishermen’s and breeders’ organisations; (v) focus on under-nutrition, particularly maternal and infant under-nutrition, and to integrate sound and multi-sectoral nutrition strategies into its development policy; (vi) promote and work towards the implementation of innovative financial instruments, such as an international tax on financial transactions .

In the light of FAO population projections indicating that, by 2025, more than half of the developing world’s population (some 3.5 thousand million people) will be living in urban areas, Members take the view that a policy of support for urban horticulture could offer a pathway out of poverty, given the low start-up costs. They also urge the EU to support the UN social protection floor initiative, which would help satisfy the basic food needs of impoverished populations.

Effective measures against food price volatility and uncontrolled land acquisition : Members draw attention to the structural causes of price volatility and strongly emphasise that speculation on derivatives of essential food commodities has significantly worsened price volatility. Regulatory mechanisms are needed to ensure a degree of market stability.

In this context, the resolution proposes the following measures:

fair remuneration for farmers; concrete action effectively to tackle financial speculation on grain and food; steps to restore world food stocks and better management and storage of physical grain and food reserves at national and regional level improved market transparency and clear identification of actors involved in the food trade and for an in-depth analysis of transmission mechanisms of speculation on food products on local and world markets; ensuring that local communities and institutions have the negotiating powers and capacities enabling them to develop local farming; drawing up a code of conduct to urge investors to focus their efforts on raising agricultural productivity and improving the livelihoods of local communities; establishment of mechanisms which prevent the ‘pricing out’ of local farmers and their ability to produce food for local populations; maintaining effective conditions for agricultural production, including soil quality, water access and the prevention of environmental pollution.

Land use rights : Parliament expresses deep concern regarding the large-scale land acquisitions that are currently carried out by foreign investors in developing countries, which is also to the detriment of local smallholder and medium-scale farmers and to local, regional and national food security. It therefore calls on the EU to encourage governments of developing countries to commit to land reform in order to secure the land titles of indigenous farmers and small and medium farmers, especially women, and to prevent land-grabbing practices by corporations. It stresses that the land should be accessible to all and that it is necessary to protect the land, tenancy and land use rights of small local farmers and the access of local communities to natural resources, in order to prevent further land takeovers, as is already happening to an alarming extent in especially Africa. Members encourage the adoption of the FAO voluntary guidelines on land acquisitions.

Policy Coherence for Development : Parliament recalls that global demand for agricultural products is expected to increase by 70 % by 2050 which will need to be produced using less water and pesticides, with less agricultural land available and applying sustainable agro-ecological production methods, while the world's population is forecast to reach nine billion by then. ; whereas food insecurity is further exacerbated by speculation on commodities, land degradation, water scarcity, climate change, global land acquisitions and land tenure insecurity, particularly for the poorest and most vulnerable segments of the population, global seed monopolies, demands for agro-fuels and energy-related policies. Parliament believes that food security should not be jeopardised by the development of agrofuels . It calls therefore for a balanced approach that gives priority to the new generation of agrofuels using farm and forestry waste (straw and other crop waste, animal manure, biogas, etc.) instead of food crops, to avoid a situation of competition between food and energy production. Members urge the adoption of a more global perspective in the design of the CAP post-2013 which should adhere to the principle of ‘do no harm’ to food markets in developing countries. Parliament reiterates concerns that the EU's trade strategy which sometimes fails to provide a pro-development approach, and calls therefore for fair and pro-development trade agreements, as they are an essential element of a global food security response.

Lastly, the Commission is called upon to:

investigate the problem of food waste inside the EU, as up to 40% of the available food, including food produced in developing countries and exported to the EU, is thought to be thrown in the dustbin, and to propose effective measures to tackle the problem and improve consumption patterns; the complete phasing-out of export subsidies; bring about reforms that will expand market access opportunities for developing countries and allow them to perform competitively in their own national and regional markets; focus on development concerns in the ongoing EPA negotiations, broaden developing countries' room for manoeuvre with regard to trade rules and, in particular, apply safeguard clauses in order to achieve endogenous, sustainable development of economic capacity in developing countries ; take a strong pro-development position in WTO negotiations and apply a human rights-based approach to international trade negotiations; support a needs-based convention in which the level of donors’ food assistance commitments are linked to people’s needs and guaranteed local purchase volumes in recipient countries.

The Committee on Development adopted the own-initiative report drafted by Gabriele ZIMMER (GUE/NGL, DE) on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges, in response to the Commission communication on the same subject.

Members recall that the number of people suffering from hunger amounted to 925 million in 2010 according to the FAO and that hunger and malnutrition are the main causes of human mortality. The report notes that there has been a rise in food prices since August 2010, following a trend over the last ten years, with levels now higher than during the food price peak of 2008. The volatility of commodity prices is impacting greatly on low income countries and the poorest and most vulnerable and marginalised segments of the populations of developing countries.

Against this background, an EU policy framework on food and nutrition security is necessary.

Members welcome the Commission communication on an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges. However, the EU and the Member States must, as a matter of urgency, make new investments in agriculture and rural development. The report states that the Commission should take greater account of the question of food security in some countries when calculating development aid.

Members express deep concerns about the negative effects of such mechanisms, especially on local economies. They emphasise that a sustainable development policy should be based on long-term and cooperation approaches. The report calls for more resources to be deployed in order to ensure the continuity of aid and for the debate to focus on the flexibility and complementarity of existing financial instruments.

Other more detailed actions are as follows:

increase support in favour of sustainable smallholders; increase public investments in research for sustainable agro-ecological production systems that also improve the productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural and rural sector; the need for a partnership approach with the whole range of development stakeholders on food security, in particular local and regional authorities and civil society organisations; the Commission, the Member States and other development aid donors, including NGOs, to target their investment more closely on the agricultural sector in order to provide local people with a reason not to move elsewhere; prioritise agriculture in its development aid, including assistance to farmers in accessing markets; involve local agricultural organisations and strengthen local associations, so as to ensure that the interests of local communities are protected.

Members agree that EU assistance programmes should focus on sustainable, primarily small- and medium- scale food production and on approaches that strengthen biodiversity, prevent the degradation of fertile land and promote low-external-input (LEI) practices while increasing agricultural output in developing countries.

The EU should contribute to promoting the use of seeds from local varieties which are adapted to climatic conditions in developing countries and which can be easily stored, traded and supplied to farmers, as they are free of intellectual property rights.

More sustainable production : Members consider, in view of the growing global population and increasing pressure on natural resources, that it is essential to establish more sustainable, energy-saving and efficient forms of production at world level. They demand that the allocation of aid by the EU and Member States be tied to the development of sustainable and energy self-sufficient agricultural production systems , and that a part of this aid contribute to the setting up of facilities for generating renewable energy (for example based on wind and sun) and good water management. The report stresses the need to give small farmers in developing countries greater access to property rights , allowing small land owners to prove ownership and as such posses collateral for the loans required to elevate their production.

Food as a human right : Members recall that agricultural development must be grounded in the right to food and the right to produce food. They stress in parallel the need for ensuring equal access of local populations to food in these countries. Current production capacities in some developing countries may not cover needs and that achieving long-term food security requires a reduction in import dependencies by building up these domestic capacities.

The Commission is called upon to: (i) draw up a specific Communication on the nutritional dimension into EU programmes; (ii) recognise the fundamental role of women, as smallholder farmers, in food and nutrition security; (iii) focus on the implementation of actions to ensure that the most vulnerable, especially in rural areas, can benefit from agriculture training opportunities, education on nutrition, good health and work conditions and a safety net if it is needed; (iv) continue their ongoing consultation processes with global civil society and non-state actors, in particular with farmers’, fishermen’s and breeders’ organisations; (v) focus on under-nutrition, particularly maternal and infant under-nutrition, and to integrate sound and multi-sectoral nutrition strategies into its development policy; (vi) promote and work towards the implementation of innovative financial instruments, such as an international tax on financial transactions .

Members take the view that, in the light of FAO population projections indicating that, by 2025, more than half of the developing world’s population (some 3.5 thousand million people) will be living in urban areas, a policy of support for urban horticulture could offer a pathway out of poverty, given the low start-up costs, short production cycles and high yields per unit of time, land and water, and could make the new cities greener.

Effective measures against food price volatility and uncontrolled land acquisition : Members draw attention to the structural causes of price volatility and strongly emphasise that speculation on derivatives of essential food commodities has significantly worsened price volatility. Regulatory mechanisms are needed to ensure a degree of market stability.

In this context, the report proposes the following measures:

fair remuneration for farmers; concrete action to effectively tackle financial speculation on grain and food; steps to restore world food stocks; better management and storage of physical grain and food reserves at national and regional level and a strengthening of international coordination and monitoring, thereby countering food price volatility and enabling a better and faster response to food crises; encourage governments of developing countries to commit to land reform in order to secure the land titles of indigenous farmers and small and medium farmers, especially women, and to prevent land-grabbing practices by corporations; adoption of the FAO voluntary guidelines on land acquisitions and ensuring their participatory implementation, but also calls for strict binding national and international regulations on land acquisitions; drawing up a code of conduct to urge investors to focus their efforts on raising agricultural productivity and improving the livelihoods of local communities; establishment of mechanisms which prevent the ‘pricing out’ of local farmers and their ability to produce food for local populations; maintaining effective conditions for agricultural production, including soil quality, water access and the prevention of environmental pollution.

Policy Coherence for Development : Members call for the freezing of EU energy strategy targets until further impact assessments have been undertaken. They believe that food security should not be jeopardised by the development of agrofuels . They call therefore for a balanced approach that gives priority to the new generation of agrofuels using farm and forestry waste (straw and other crop waste, animal manure, biogas, etc.) instead of food crops, to avoid a situation of competition between food and energy production. They urge the adoption of a more global perspective in the design of the CAP post-2013 which should adhere to the principle of ‘do no harm’ to food markets in developing countries.

Lastly, the Commission is called upon to:

investigate the problem of food waste inside the EU, as up to 40 % of the available food, including food produced in developing countries and exported to the EU, is thought to be thrown in the dustbin, and to propose effective measures to tackle the problem and improve consumption patterns; phase-out export subsidies as well as for the removal of all other incentives in the CAP which result in trade-distorting measures; ensure that the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries is being respected in countries where the EU has Fisheries Partnership Agreements, especially regarding the recommendation to grant preferential access for local artisanal fishers to resources; bring about reforms that will expand market access opportunities for developing countries and allow them to perform competitively in their own national and regional markets; focus on development concerns in the ongoing EPA negotiations, broaden developing countries’ room for manoeuvre with regard to trade rules and, in particular, apply safeguard clauses in order to achieve endogenous, sustainable development of economic capacity in developing countries; take a strong pro-development position in WTO negotiations; apply a human rights-based approach to international trade negotiations and to apply human rights impact assessments to agreements with third countries; support a needs-based convention in which the level of donors’ food assistance commitments are linked to people’s needs and guaranteed local purchase volumes in recipient countries.

PURPOSE: to propose an EU policy framework to assist developing countries in addressing food security challenges.

BACKGROUND: in 2010, over 1 billion people are considered to be food insecure. Soaring food prices on global markets in 2007-08 sparked a rethink of global food security. The European Union (EU) reacted to the growing food security challenges with an additional €1 billion 'Food Facility ' as a temporary measure to support those developing countries worst affected. The EU and its Member States are, and have been for many years, the most important and reliable players in world food security, both financially and politically.

However, recent developments and future challenges require a new common food security policy , further strengthening EU leadership in the global food security agenda, and improving the effectiveness of EU assistance, in line with the Lisbon Treaty, the EU2020 initiative and the European Consensus on Development . Future food security challenges include population growth, pressures on natural resources and ecosystem services, and adverse impacts of climate change on agriculture, affecting growing conditions and making adaptation measures necessary. Moreover, key issues in the current food security agenda, such as nutrition, price volatility, social protection and safety nets, biofuels, food safety, research and innovation, large-scale land acquisition, and the “Right to Food” concept need integration into an overall policy framework.

The objective of this Communication is, therefore, to provide a common policy framework for the EU and its Member States in the fight against world hunger and malnutrition, thereby contributing towards achieving MDG 1. It is coherent with other thematic papers (on education, health, gender and tax governance) and the 2010 Spring Development package, which together set out an EU position for the UN High Level Event on MDGs in September 2010. This Communication is complemented by a Communication on Humanitarian Food Assistance , which focuses on emergency and post-emergency contexts

CONTENT : the objective of this Communication is to provide a common policy framework for the EU and its Member States in the fight against world hunger and malnutrition, thereby contributing towards achieving MDG 1.

The proposed policy framework addresses food security challenges in developing countries in both rural and urban contexts across the internationally recognised four pillars by:

a) increasing availability of food;

b) improving access to food;

c) improving nutritional adequacy of food intake; and

d) enhancing crisis prevention and management.

EU action needs to give priority to those food insecure countries most off-track in reaching MDG1, in particular in Africa, but also South Asia and elsewhere (e.g. Bangladesh, Cambodia, Haiti, Nepal, Timor Leste). Given the nature of related MDGs that are also off-track, a specific investment in women will be required. Evidence shows that investments in the smallholder sector yield the best returns in terms of poverty reduction and growth.

This new EU framework therefore concentrates on enhancing incomes of smallholder farmers and the resilience of vulnerable communities, supporting the resolve of countries that prioritise agriculture and food security in their development efforts.

Increasing availability of food: world population is estimated to reach 9 billion by 2050 and demand for food is likely to grow by 70%. This requires accelerated agricultural production growth. Most of the poor and hungry in the world live in rural areas, where agriculture – including crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry - forms the main economic activity. Small-scale farming is dominant: about 85% of farmers in developing countries produce on less than 2 hectares of land. Therefore, sustainable small-scale food production should be the focus of EU assistance to increase availability of food in developing countries. The Communication also stresses secure access to land and secure land tenure and use rights are prerequisites for higher productivity of small holder farmers.

Improving access to food : access to food should be enhanced primarily by improving employment and income-earning opportunities in both rural and urban areas, including through diversification and trade, thus making food more affordable for a larger number of people. This should be complemented by social transfer mechanisms. The EU and its Member States should assist partner countries in establishing and operating social mechanisms in support of vulnerable population groups, especially women. In general, access to food can be improved by applying the "Right-to-Food" approach, and the EU should support its further application in developing countries, including "right-to-food" based political and legal frameworks.

Improving nutritional adequacy of food intake : the EU should support the formulation of nutrition policies and strategies, nutrition-training, education, and the setting up of coordination mechanisms between agriculture, health, education, and social protection sectors. Future agriculture programmes should include a nutritional dimension. This could mean strengthening diversification of smallholder agriculture, promoting production of micronutrient-rich food, especially local varieties, monitoring of nutrition related outcomes, and/or supporting agricultural research conducted from a nutrition perspective.

Improving crisis prevention and management : the EU should step up efforts in supporting regional integration in developing countries, as closer regional integration forms another means of preventing economic, political and food security crises, and of mitigating their effects. Furthermore, to mitigate volatility, the stock-to-use ratio of food products needs to be improved by creating conditions for production increases and for adequate stock levels to be kept, mainly by private traders. Moreover, export restrictions of basic food products should be discouraged. The EU and its Member States should contribute to improved food market functioning at global, regional and national levels.

Priorities: the EU's priority should be to support food security in fragile countries. This is a particular priority in Africa, where nearly 80% of malnourished people live in fragile countries, and in parts of South Asia. While all four pillars should be addressed, the EU should prioritise four broad and related dimensions: smallholder agricultural development, governance, regional integration, and assistance mechanisms for vulnerable populations. In these areas, the EU and its Member States should:

Improve smallholder resilience and rural livelihoods

focus on ecologically efficient agricultural intensification for smallholder farmers, and in particular women, by providing support for sustainable national policies, and for equitable access to resources, including land, water, (micro) credit and other agricultural inputs; increase substantially support to demand-led agricultural research for development, extension and innovation, aiming to reach 50% by 2015. Research in the public domain should rely on traditional knowledge and on new technologies. It should not promote technologies that are not sustainable or that are incompatible with national capacities to regulate and manage risks; actively support greater participation of civil society and farmer organisations in policy making and research programmes and increase their involvement in the implementation and evaluation of government programmes; improve the regulatory and institutional conditions for responsible private investments in all stages of the agricultural value chain and stimulate public-private investments.

Support effective governance

substantially increase support to CAADP applying effective division of labour in all agriculture-based Sub-Saharan African countries by 2015; launch a joint initiative with the AU to accelerate the implementation of the African Land Policy Guidelines, including a roadmap to implement the principles for sustainable large scale investments in farm land; support national and international initiatives for the definition of principles and codes of conduct governing sustainable large scale domestic and foreign investments in farm land, focusing on the protection of land rights, secure access to land and other natural resources for smallholder farmers and pastoral communities and on sustainable management of these resources; support the reform of the Committee on World Food Security (CFS) to become the pivotal institution to coordinate global food security initiatives; support closer coordination between the Rome-based UN agencies.

Support regional agriculture and food security policies

support the development and implementation of regional level agricultural policies and strategies, including on livestock management and food safety, to step up integration of regional food and agricultural markets. Enhance policy dialogue with regional organisations on agriculture, food security and nutrition; reinforce the regional and national information systems in support of agriculture, food security and nutrition policies, and those for early warning purposes.

Strengthen assistance mechanisms for vulnerable population groups

support countries to establish and operate targeted and flexible social transfer policies adapted to local contexts. Where feasible, social assistance should provide opportunities for recipients to graduate into an income earning situation securing sustainable access to food; promote better integration of nutrition in development policies, including in education and health and related capacity building; provide specific support to countries in transition and fragility using LRRD principles.