BETA


2014/0083(NLE) EU/Moldova Association Agreement

Progress: Procedure completed

RoleCommitteeRapporteurShadows
Lead AFET AUŠTREVIČIUS Petras (icon: ALDE ALDE) GAHLER Michael (icon: EPP EPP), FAJON Tanja (icon: S&D S&D), DZHAMBAZKI Angel (icon: ECR ECR), ŠOLTES Igor (icon: Verts/ALE Verts/ALE)
Former Responsible Committee AFET
Committee Opinion INTA MOISĂ Sorin (icon: S&D S&D)
Committee Opinion ITRE
Former Committee Opinion INTA William (The Earl of) DARTMOUTH (icon: EFDD EFDD), Emma McCLARKIN (icon: ECR ECR), David MARTIN (icon: S&D S&D), Marietje SCHAAKE (icon: ALDE ALDE)
Former Committee Opinion ITRE
Lead committee dossier:
Legal Basis:
TFEU 217, TFEU 218-p6a, TFEU 218-p7, TFEU 218-p8-a2

Events

2016/05/28
   Final act published in Official Journal
Details

PURPOSE: to conclude an Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

NON LEGISLATIVE ACT: Council Decision (EU) 2016/839 on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part.

BACKGROUND: relations between the EU and the Republic of Moldova based until recently on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which entered into effect in July 1998.

On 15 June 2009 the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement with the European Union to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

Those negotiations were successfully finalised, and the Association Agreement between the EU and Euratom and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part was initialled on 29 November 2013.

In accordance with Council Decision 2014/492/EU, the Agreement was signed on 27 June 2014, subject to its conclusion at a later date.

The Agreement must be concluded.

CONTENT: with this Decision, the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part, is approved on behalf of the Union.

Objectives of the Association Agreement : the Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration and leaving open the way for further progressive developments.

The overall aims of the association focus on:

strengthening political dialogue between the Parties; promoting, and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions; promoting cooperation on peaceful conflict resolution; establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas; enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest.

Sectoral cooperation : the Association Agreement also provides for a wide range of sectoral cooperation, focusing on support to core reforms, economic recovery and growth, governance and sector cooperation in 28 areas, such as:

public administration reform, management of public finances, energy and transport, environmental protection and direct action, industrial and small and medium enterprise cooperation, social policies, consumer protection, agriculture and rural development, cross-border and regional level cooperation, education and training, civil society cooperation and youth as well as cultural cooperation.

In all of these areas, enhanced cooperation starts from the basis of current frameworks, both bilateral and multilateral, with the aim of more systematic dialogue and exchange of information and good practice.

Gradual approximation of legislation : key to the sectoral cooperation chapters is gradual approximation with the EU acquis, which will form the core of Moldova's domestic reform and modernisation agenda.

Free trade area : a free trade area between the EU and Moldova is envisaged. Approximation of Moldovan with EU legislation, norms and standards, will be the method.

Geographical indications : the Agreement sets out the relevant procedures for the protection of geographical indications that are given protection pursuant to the Agreement. The Agreement should not be construed as conferring rights or imposing obligations that can be directly invoked before Union or Member State courts and tribunals.

It is stipulated that a name protected under the “Geographical Indications” of the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification.

Member States and the institutions of the Union shall enforce the protection provided for in the Agreement, including at the request of an interested party.

Institutional framework : the Agreement includes an updated institutional framework encompassing cooperation and dialogue fora. Specific decision-making roles are envisaged for an Association Council, and by delegation for an Association Committee, which may also meet in a specific configuration to address trade issues. Provision for fora for civil society and parliamentary cooperation is also made. The Agreement includes provisions on monitoring, fulfilment of obligations and dispute settlement (including separate provisions for trade-related issues).

ENTRY INTO FORCE: the Decision enters into force on 23.05.2016. The Agreement enters into force when all procedures necessary to effect this have been carried out.

2016/05/23
   EP/CSL - Act adopted by Council after consultation of Parliament
2016/05/23
   EP - End of procedure in Parliament
2014/11/13
   EP - Results of vote in Parliament
2014/11/13
   EP - Debate in Parliament
2014/11/13
   EP - Decision by Parliament, 1st reading/single reading
Details

The European Parliament adopted by 535 votes to 94, with 44 abstentions, a legislative resolution on the draft Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

Parliament gave its consent to the conclusion of the Agreement.

Documents
2014/10/21
   EP - Committee report tabled for plenary, 1st reading/single reading
Details

The Committee on Foreign Affairs adopted the report by Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS (ADLE, LT), in which it recommended the European Parliament to give its consent to draft Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part.

In order to ensure the success of the Association Agreement, it should be implemented thoroughly and steadily by both partners. Members are aware that the Agreement requires costly reforms in Moldova. For this reason, the EU should assist Moldova in adopting the relevant laws and implementing arrangements and should monitor their actual enforcement.

Documents
2014/10/16
   EP - Vote in committee, 1st reading/single reading
2014/10/08
   EP - Committee opinion
Documents
2014/09/15
   EP - Committee referral announced in Parliament, 1st reading/single reading
2014/09/09
   EP - Committee draft report
Documents
2014/09/03
   EP - Committee Opinion
2014/07/09
   EP - Responsible Committee
2014/06/27
   CSL - Document attached to the procedure
Documents
2014/06/02
   EC - Legislative proposal published
Details

PURPOSE: to conclude the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

PROPOSED ACT: Council Decision.

ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: Council may adopt the act only if Parliament has given its consent to the act.

BACKGROUND: on 15 June 2009, the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement between the Union and Moldova to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

Those negotiations were successfully finalised and the Association Agreement between EURATOM and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part, was initialled on 29 November 2013.

In accordance with a Council Decision, the Agreement was signed subject to its conclusion at a later date.

It is now necessary to conclude this Agreement on behalf of the European Union.

CONTENT: under this proposal, the Council is called upon to approve the Association Agreement between the EU and Moldova.

Objectives of the Association Agreement : the draft Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration of Moldova and leaving open the way for further progressive developments.

The overall aims of the association focus on:

strengthening the framework for enhanced political dialogue; promoting, preserving and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions; promoting cooperation on peaceful conflict resolution; establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas; enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest.

For further details of the objectives of the Agreement, please refer to the summary of the initial Commission legislative proposal from 10/03/2014 .

Geographical indications : the draft Agreement sets out the relevant procedures for the protection of geographical indications which are given protection pursuant to the Agreement. The Agreement should not be construed as conferring rights or imposing obligations which can be directly invoked before Union or Member State courts and tribunals.

It is stipulated that a name protected under the “Geographical Indications” of the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification.

The Member States and the institutions of the Union shall enforce the protection provided for in the Agreement, including at the request of an interested party.

On a procedural note , modifications to the Agreement through decisions of the Geographical Indications Sub-Committee shall be approved by the Commission on behalf of the Union.

Where interested parties cannot reach agreement following objections relating to a geographical indication, the Commission shall adopt a position on the basis of the specific procedure.

Documents
2014/03/10
   EC - Document attached to the procedure
2014/03/10
   EC - For information
2014/03/10
   EC - Initial legislative proposal published
Details

PURPOSE: to conclude the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

PROPOSED ACT: Council Decision.

ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: the Council may adopt the act only if Parliament has given its consent to the act.

BACKGROUND: relations between the EU and the Republic of Moldova are currently based on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which entered into effect in July 1998.

On 15 June 2009 the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement with the European Union to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

Negotiations of this comprehensive and ambitious Agreement between the EU and Moldova were launched in January 2010. In February 2012, the EU and Moldova also launched negotiations on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) part, as a core element of the Association Agreement .

The Association Agreement aims to accelerate the deepening of political and economic relations between Moldova and the EU, as well as advance Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU Internal Market in selected areas , inter alia through a DCFTA, as an integral part of the Agreement.

On 29 November 2013, the EU and Moldova initialled the text of the Association Agreement.

The Agreement should be approved on behalf of the EU.

CONTENT: the proposal calls on the Council to approve on behalf of the Union the Association Agreement between the Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

Objectives of the Association Agreement : the Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration and leaving open the way for further progressive developments.

The overall aims of the association focus on :

promoting a gradual rapprochement between the parties on the basis of common values; strengthening the framework for enhanced political dialogue; promoting, preserving and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions; establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas; enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest.

Sectoral cooperation : the Association Agreement also provides for a wide range of sectoral cooperation, focusing on support to core reforms, economic recovery and growth, governance and sector cooperation in 28 areas, such as :

public administration reform, management of public finances, energy and transport, environmental protection and direct action, industrial and small and medium enterprise cooperation, social policies, consumer protection, agriculture and rural development, cross-border and regional level cooperation, education and training, civil society cooperation and youth as well as cultural cooperation.

In all of these areas, enhanced cooperation starts from the basis of current frameworks, both bilateral and multilateral, with the aim of more systematic dialogue and exchange of information and good practice.

Gradual approximation of legislation : key to the sectoral cooperation chapters is gradual approximation with the EU acquis set out in the annexes to the Agreement. Specific schedules for approximation and implementation by Moldova of selected parts of the EU acquis will form the core of Moldova's domestic reform and modernisation agenda.

DCFTA: closer economic integration through the DCFTA will be a powerful stimulant to the country's economic growth. As a core element of the Association Agreement, the DCFTA will create business opportunities in both the EU and Moldova and will promote real economic modernisation and gradual integration with the EU. Higher standards of products, better services to citizens, and above all Moldova's ability to compete effectively in international markets should be the result of this process.

Geographical indications : provision is made to protect EU geographical indications. A name protected under the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification.

Institutional framework : the Agreement includes an updated institutional framework encompassing cooperation and dialogue fora. Specific decision-making roles are envisaged for Association Council, and by delegation for an Association Committee, which may also meet in a specific configuration to address trade issues. Space for civil society and parliamentary cooperation is also provided.

The Agreement also includes provisions on monitoring, approximation, fulfilment of obligations and dispute settlement (including separate provisions for trade-related matters).

Documents

Activities

Votes

A8-0020/2014 - Petras Auštrevičius - Approbation #

2014/11/13 Outcome: +: 535, -: 94, 0: 44
DE PL IT ES GB RO FR BE HU PT SE BG NL LT CZ AT DK SK HR FI SI LU IE MT LV EE CY EL
Total
86
47
71
49
67
20
65
20
18
19
17
12
25
11
19
17
13
11
10
10
7
6
9
6
6
5
6
20
icon: PPE PPE
197

Sweden PPE

2
2

Denmark PPE

For (1)

1

Luxembourg PPE

3

Latvia PPE

2

Estonia PPE

For (1)

1
icon: S&D S&D
167

Hungary S&D

2

Bulgaria S&D

For (1)

1

Netherlands S&D

3

Czechia S&D

3

Slovakia S&D

2

Croatia S&D

2

Finland S&D

1

Luxembourg S&D

For (1)

1

Ireland S&D

For (1)

1

Malta S&D

3

Latvia S&D

1

Cyprus S&D

2
icon: ALDE ALDE
65

United Kingdom ALDE

1

Romania ALDE

3

Austria ALDE

For (1)

1

Denmark ALDE

3

Croatia ALDE

2

Slovenia ALDE

For (1)

1

Luxembourg ALDE

For (1)

1

Ireland ALDE

For (1)

1

Estonia ALDE

Abstain (1)

3
icon: ECR ECR
63

Bulgaria ECR

1

Netherlands ECR

2

Lithuania ECR

1

Czechia ECR

2

Croatia ECR

For (1)

1

Finland ECR

For (1)

1

Latvia ECR

For (1)

1

Greece ECR

Abstain (1)

1
icon: Verts/ALE Verts/ALE
46

France Verts/ALE

Abstain (1)

5

Belgium Verts/ALE

1

Hungary Verts/ALE

2

Netherlands Verts/ALE

2

Lithuania Verts/ALE

For (1)

1

Austria Verts/ALE

3

Denmark Verts/ALE

For (1)

1

Croatia Verts/ALE

For (1)

1

Finland Verts/ALE

For (1)

1

Slovenia Verts/ALE

For (1)

1

Luxembourg Verts/ALE

For (1)

1

Latvia Verts/ALE

Abstain (1)

1

Estonia Verts/ALE

For (1)

1
icon: EFDD EFDD
46

Poland EFDD

1

France EFDD

Against (1)

1

Sweden EFDD

2

Lithuania EFDD

2

Czechia EFDD

Against (1)

1
icon: GUE/NGL GUE/NGL
43

Germany GUE/NGL

5

Italy GUE/NGL

Against (1)

3

United Kingdom GUE/NGL

Abstain (1)

1

France GUE/NGL

Against (1)

3

Portugal GUE/NGL

3

Sweden GUE/NGL

For (1)

1

Netherlands GUE/NGL

Abstain (1)

3

Denmark GUE/NGL

Against (1)

1

Ireland GUE/NGL

3

Cyprus GUE/NGL

Against (1)

Abstain (1)

2
icon: NI NI
45

Germany NI

Against (1)

1
3

United Kingdom NI

For (1)

1

Belgium NI

Against (1)

1

Hungary NI

2

Netherlands NI

4

Austria NI

3

Latvia NI

1

History

(these mark the time of scraping, not the official date of the change)

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  • date: 2014-06-27T00:00:00 docs: url: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/content/out?lang=EN&typ=SET&i=ADV&RESULTSET=1&DOC_ID=17903%2F13&DOC_LANCD=EN&ROWSPP=25&NRROWS=500&ORDERBY=DOC_DATE+DESC title: 17903/2013 type: Document attached to the procedure body: CSL
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  • date: 2014-10-08T00:00:00 docs: url: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=COMPARL&mode=XML&language=EN&reference=PE537.343&secondRef=02 title: PE537.343 committee: INTA type: Committee opinion body: EP
events
  • date: 2014-03-10T00:00:00 type: Initial legislative proposal published body: EC docs: url: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=EN&type_doc=COMfinal&an_doc=2014&nu_doc=0146 title: EUR-Lex title: COM(2014)0146 summary: PURPOSE: to conclude the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part. PROPOSED ACT: Council Decision. ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: the Council may adopt the act only if Parliament has given its consent to the act. BACKGROUND: relations between the EU and the Republic of Moldova are currently based on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which entered into effect in July 1998. On 15 June 2009 the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement with the European Union to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. Negotiations of this comprehensive and ambitious Agreement between the EU and Moldova were launched in January 2010. In February 2012, the EU and Moldova also launched negotiations on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) part, as a core element of the Association Agreement . The Association Agreement aims to accelerate the deepening of political and economic relations between Moldova and the EU, as well as advance Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU Internal Market in selected areas , inter alia through a DCFTA, as an integral part of the Agreement. On 29 November 2013, the EU and Moldova initialled the text of the Association Agreement. The Agreement should be approved on behalf of the EU. CONTENT: the proposal calls on the Council to approve on behalf of the Union the Association Agreement between the Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part. Objectives of the Association Agreement : the Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration and leaving open the way for further progressive developments. The overall aims of the association focus on : promoting a gradual rapprochement between the parties on the basis of common values; strengthening the framework for enhanced political dialogue; promoting, preserving and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions; establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas; enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest. Sectoral cooperation : the Association Agreement also provides for a wide range of sectoral cooperation, focusing on support to core reforms, economic recovery and growth, governance and sector cooperation in 28 areas, such as : public administration reform, management of public finances, energy and transport, environmental protection and direct action, industrial and small and medium enterprise cooperation, social policies, consumer protection, agriculture and rural development, cross-border and regional level cooperation, education and training, civil society cooperation and youth as well as cultural cooperation. In all of these areas, enhanced cooperation starts from the basis of current frameworks, both bilateral and multilateral, with the aim of more systematic dialogue and exchange of information and good practice. Gradual approximation of legislation : key to the sectoral cooperation chapters is gradual approximation with the EU acquis set out in the annexes to the Agreement. Specific schedules for approximation and implementation by Moldova of selected parts of the EU acquis will form the core of Moldova's domestic reform and modernisation agenda. DCFTA: closer economic integration through the DCFTA will be a powerful stimulant to the country's economic growth. As a core element of the Association Agreement, the DCFTA will create business opportunities in both the EU and Moldova and will promote real economic modernisation and gradual integration with the EU. Higher standards of products, better services to citizens, and above all Moldova's ability to compete effectively in international markets should be the result of this process. Geographical indications : provision is made to protect EU geographical indications. A name protected under the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification. Institutional framework : the Agreement includes an updated institutional framework encompassing cooperation and dialogue fora. Specific decision-making roles are envisaged for Association Council, and by delegation for an Association Committee, which may also meet in a specific configuration to address trade issues. Space for civil society and parliamentary cooperation is also provided. The Agreement also includes provisions on monitoring, approximation, fulfilment of obligations and dispute settlement (including separate provisions for trade-related matters).
  • date: 2014-06-02T00:00:00 type: Legislative proposal published body: EC docs: url: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/content/out?lang=EN&typ=SET&i=ADV&RESULTSET=1&DOC_ID=9828%2F14&DOC_LANCD=EN&ROWSPP=25&NRROWS=500&ORDERBY=DOC_DATE+DESC title: 09828/2014 summary: PURPOSE: to conclude the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part. PROPOSED ACT: Council Decision. ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: Council may adopt the act only if Parliament has given its consent to the act. BACKGROUND: on 15 June 2009, the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement between the Union and Moldova to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. Those negotiations were successfully finalised and the Association Agreement between EURATOM and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part, was initialled on 29 November 2013. In accordance with a Council Decision, the Agreement was signed subject to its conclusion at a later date. It is now necessary to conclude this Agreement on behalf of the European Union. CONTENT: under this proposal, the Council is called upon to approve the Association Agreement between the EU and Moldova. Objectives of the Association Agreement : the draft Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration of Moldova and leaving open the way for further progressive developments. The overall aims of the association focus on: strengthening the framework for enhanced political dialogue; promoting, preserving and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions; promoting cooperation on peaceful conflict resolution; establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas; enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest. For further details of the objectives of the Agreement, please refer to the summary of the initial Commission legislative proposal from 10/03/2014 . Geographical indications : the draft Agreement sets out the relevant procedures for the protection of geographical indications which are given protection pursuant to the Agreement. The Agreement should not be construed as conferring rights or imposing obligations which can be directly invoked before Union or Member State courts and tribunals. It is stipulated that a name protected under the “Geographical Indications” of the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification. The Member States and the institutions of the Union shall enforce the protection provided for in the Agreement, including at the request of an interested party. On a procedural note , modifications to the Agreement through decisions of the Geographical Indications Sub-Committee shall be approved by the Commission on behalf of the Union. Where interested parties cannot reach agreement following objections relating to a geographical indication, the Commission shall adopt a position on the basis of the specific procedure.
  • date: 2014-09-15T00:00:00 type: Committee referral announced in Parliament, 1st reading/single reading body: EP
  • date: 2014-10-16T00:00:00 type: Vote in committee, 1st reading/single reading body: EP
  • date: 2014-10-21T00:00:00 type: Committee report tabled for plenary, 1st reading/single reading body: EP docs: url: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&mode=XML&reference=A8-2014-0020&language=EN title: A8-0020/2014 summary: The Committee on Foreign Affairs adopted the report by Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS (ADLE, LT), in which it recommended the European Parliament to give its consent to draft Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part. In order to ensure the success of the Association Agreement, it should be implemented thoroughly and steadily by both partners. Members are aware that the Agreement requires costly reforms in Moldova. For this reason, the EU should assist Moldova in adopting the relevant laws and implementing arrangements and should monitor their actual enforcement.
  • date: 2014-11-13T00:00:00 type: Results of vote in Parliament body: EP docs: url: https://oeil.secure.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/popups/sda.do?id=24820&l=en title: Results of vote in Parliament
  • date: 2014-11-13T00:00:00 type: Debate in Parliament body: EP docs: url: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?secondRef=TOC&language=EN&reference=20141113&type=CRE title: Debate in Parliament
  • date: 2014-11-13T00:00:00 type: Decision by Parliament, 1st reading/single reading body: EP docs: url: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P8-TA-2014-0050 title: T8-0050/2014 summary: The European Parliament adopted by 535 votes to 94, with 44 abstentions, a legislative resolution on the draft Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part. Parliament gave its consent to the conclusion of the Agreement.
  • date: 2016-05-23T00:00:00 type: Act adopted by Council after consultation of Parliament body: EP/CSL
  • date: 2016-05-23T00:00:00 type: End of procedure in Parliament body: EP
  • date: 2016-05-28T00:00:00 type: Final act published in Official Journal summary: PURPOSE: to conclude an Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part. NON LEGISLATIVE ACT: Council Decision (EU) 2016/839 on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part. BACKGROUND: relations between the EU and the Republic of Moldova based until recently on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which entered into effect in July 1998. On 15 June 2009 the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement with the European Union to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement. Those negotiations were successfully finalised, and the Association Agreement between the EU and Euratom and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part was initialled on 29 November 2013. In accordance with Council Decision 2014/492/EU, the Agreement was signed on 27 June 2014, subject to its conclusion at a later date. The Agreement must be concluded. CONTENT: with this Decision, the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part, is approved on behalf of the Union. Objectives of the Association Agreement : the Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration and leaving open the way for further progressive developments. The overall aims of the association focus on: strengthening political dialogue between the Parties; promoting, and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions; promoting cooperation on peaceful conflict resolution; establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas; enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest. Sectoral cooperation : the Association Agreement also provides for a wide range of sectoral cooperation, focusing on support to core reforms, economic recovery and growth, governance and sector cooperation in 28 areas, such as: public administration reform, management of public finances, energy and transport, environmental protection and direct action, industrial and small and medium enterprise cooperation, social policies, consumer protection, agriculture and rural development, cross-border and regional level cooperation, education and training, civil society cooperation and youth as well as cultural cooperation. In all of these areas, enhanced cooperation starts from the basis of current frameworks, both bilateral and multilateral, with the aim of more systematic dialogue and exchange of information and good practice. Gradual approximation of legislation : key to the sectoral cooperation chapters is gradual approximation with the EU acquis, which will form the core of Moldova's domestic reform and modernisation agenda. Free trade area : a free trade area between the EU and Moldova is envisaged. Approximation of Moldovan with EU legislation, norms and standards, will be the method. Geographical indications : the Agreement sets out the relevant procedures for the protection of geographical indications that are given protection pursuant to the Agreement. The Agreement should not be construed as conferring rights or imposing obligations that can be directly invoked before Union or Member State courts and tribunals. It is stipulated that a name protected under the “Geographical Indications” of the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification. Member States and the institutions of the Union shall enforce the protection provided for in the Agreement, including at the request of an interested party. Institutional framework : the Agreement includes an updated institutional framework encompassing cooperation and dialogue fora. Specific decision-making roles are envisaged for an Association Council, and by delegation for an Association Committee, which may also meet in a specific configuration to address trade issues. Provision for fora for civil society and parliamentary cooperation is also made. The Agreement includes provisions on monitoring, fulfilment of obligations and dispute settlement (including separate provisions for trade-related issues). ENTRY INTO FORCE: the Decision enters into force on 23.05.2016. The Agreement enters into force when all procedures necessary to effect this have been carried out. docs: title: Decision 2016/839 url: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=EN&numdoc=32016D0839 title: OJ L 141 28.05.2016, p. 0028 url: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:L:2016:141:TOC
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  • 6.20.03 Bilateral economic and trade agreements and relations
  • 6.40.15 European neighbourhood policy
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  • The European Parliament adopted by 535 votes to 94, with 44 abstentions, a legislative resolution on the draft Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

    Parliament gave its consent to the conclusion of the Agreement.

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  • The Committee on Foreign Affairs adopted the report by Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS (ADLE, LT), in which it recommended the European Parliament to give its consent to draft Council decision on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part.

    In order to ensure the success of the Association Agreement, it should be implemented thoroughly and steadily by both partners. Members are aware that the Agreement requires costly reforms in Moldova. For this reason, the EU should assist Moldova in adopting the relevant laws and implementing arrangements and should monitor their actual enforcement.

activities/2/committees/0/shadows/4
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EFD
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GRIGULE Iveta
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EFD
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GRIGULE Iveta
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EFD
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GRIGULE Iveta
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  • url: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=REPORT&mode=XML&reference=A8-2014-0020&language=EN type: Committee report tabled for plenary, 1st reading/single reading title: A8-0020/2014
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GRIGULE Iveta
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GRIGULE Iveta
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GRIGULE Iveta
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MOISĂ Ionel-Sorin
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DZHAMBAZKI Angel
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  • PURPOSE: to conclude the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

    PROPOSED ACT: Council Decision.

    ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: Council may adopt the act only if Parliament has given its consent to the act. 

    BACKGROUND: on 15 June 2009, the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement between the Union and Moldova to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

    Those negotiations were successfully finalised and the Association Agreement between EURATOM and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part, was initialled on 29 November 2013.

    In accordance with a Council Decision, the Agreement was signed subject to its conclusion at a later date.

    It is now necessary to conclude this Agreement on behalf of the European Union.

    CONTENT: under this proposal, the Council is called upon to approve the Association Agreement between the EU and Moldova.

    Objectives of the Association Agreement: the draft Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration of Moldova and leaving open the way for further progressive developments.

    The overall aims of the association focus on:

    • strengthening the framework for enhanced political dialogue;
    • promoting, preserving and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions;
    • promoting cooperation on peaceful conflict resolution;
    • establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas;
    • enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and
    • establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest.

    For further details of the objectives of the Agreement, please refer to the summary of the initial Commission legislative proposal from 10/03/2014.

    Geographical indications: the draft Agreement sets out the relevant procedures for the protection of geographical indications which are given protection pursuant to the Agreement. The Agreement should not be construed as conferring rights or imposing obligations which can be directly invoked before Union or Member State courts and tribunals.

    It is stipulated that a name protected under the “Geographical Indications” of the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification.

    The Member States and the institutions of the Union shall enforce the protection provided for in the Agreement, including at the request of an interested party.

    On a procedural note, modifications to the Agreement through decisions of the Geographical Indications Sub-Committee shall be approved by the Commission on behalf of the Union.

    Where interested parties cannot reach agreement following objections relating to a geographical indication, the Commission shall adopt a position on the basis of the specific procedure.

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Decision
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Old
2014-11-25T00:00:00
New
2014-11-13T00:00:00
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  • group: EPP name: GAHLER Michael
  • group: S&D name: FAJON Tanja
  • group: Verts/ALE name: ŠOLTES Igor
  • group: EFD name: GRIGULE Iveta
committees/0/shadows
  • group: EPP name: GAHLER Michael
  • group: S&D name: FAJON Tanja
  • group: Verts/ALE name: ŠOLTES Igor
  • group: EFD name: GRIGULE Iveta
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2014-09-15T00:00:00
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  • PURPOSE: to conclude the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

    PROPOSED ACT: Council Decision.

    ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: the Council may adopt the act only if Parliament has given its consent to the act.

    BACKGROUND: relations between the EU and the Republic of Moldova are currently based on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which entered into effect in July 1998.

    On 15 June 2009 the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement with the European Union to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

    Negotiations of this comprehensive and ambitious Agreement between the EU and Moldova were launched in January 2010. In February 2012, the EU and Moldova also launched negotiations on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) part, as a core element of the Association Agreement.

    The Association Agreement aims to accelerate the deepening of political and economic relations between Moldova and the EU, as well as advance Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU Internal Market in selected areas, inter alia through a DCFTA, as an integral part of the Agreement.

    On 29 November 2013, the EU and Moldova initialled the text of the Association Agreement.

    The Agreement should be approved on behalf of the EU.

    CONTENT: the proposal calls on the Council to approve on behalf of the Union the Association Agreement between the Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

    Objectives of the Association Agreement: the Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration and leaving open the way for further progressive developments.

    The overall aims of the association focus on :

    • promoting a gradual rapprochement between the parties on the basis of common values;
    • strengthening the framework for enhanced political dialogue;
    • promoting, preserving and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions;
    • establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas;
    • enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and
    • establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest.

    Sectoral cooperation : the Association Agreement also provides for a wide range of sectoral cooperation, focusing on support to core reforms, economic recovery and growth, governance and sector cooperation in 28 areas, such as :

    • public administration reform,
    • management of public finances,
    • energy and transport,
    • environmental protection and direct action,
    • industrial and small and medium enterprise cooperation,
    • social policies,
    • consumer protection,
    • agriculture and rural development,
    • cross-border and regional level cooperation,
    • education and training,
    • civil society cooperation and youth as well as cultural cooperation.

    In all of these areas, enhanced cooperation starts from the basis of current frameworks, both bilateral and multilateral, with the aim of more systematic dialogue and exchange of information and good practice.

    Gradual approximation of legislation: key to the sectoral cooperation chapters is gradual approximation with the EU acquis set out in the annexes to the Agreement. Specific schedules for approximation and implementation by Moldova of selected parts of the EU acquis will form the core of Moldova's domestic reform and modernisation agenda.

    DCFTA: closer economic integration through the DCFTA will be a powerful stimulant to the country's economic growth. As a core element of the Association Agreement, the DCFTA will create business opportunities in both the EU and Moldova and will promote real economic modernisation and gradual integration with the EU. Higher standards of products, better services to citizens, and above all Moldova's ability to compete effectively in international markets should be the result of this process.

    Geographical indications: provision is made to protect EU geographical indications. A name protected under the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification.

    Institutional framework: the Agreement includes an updated institutional framework encompassing cooperation and dialogue fora. Specific decision-making roles are envisaged for Association Council, and by delegation for an Association Committee, which may also meet in a specific configuration to address trade issues. Space for civil society and parliamentary cooperation is also provided.

    The Agreement also includes provisions on monitoring, approximation, fulfilment of obligations and dispute settlement (including separate provisions for trade-related matters).

committees/2/date
Old
2014-07-22T00:00:00
New
  • 2014-07-22T00:00:00
  • 2014-09-03T00:00:00
committees/2/rapporteur/1
group
S&D
name
MOISĂ Ionel-Sorin
activities/0/docs/0/text
  • PURPOSE: to conclude the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

    PROPOSED ACT: Council Decision.

    ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: the Council may adopt the act only if Parliament has given its consent to the act.

    BACKGROUND: relations between the EU and the Republic of Moldova are currently based on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which entered into effect in July 1998.

    On 15 June 2009 the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement with the European Union to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

    Negotiations of this comprehensive and ambitious Agreement between the EU and Moldova were launched in January 2010. In February 2012, the EU and Moldova also launched negotiations on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) part, as a core element of the Association Agreement.

    The Association Agreement aims to accelerate the deepening of political and economic relations between Moldova and the EU, as well as advance Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU Internal Market in selected areas, inter alia through a DCFTA, as an integral part of the Agreement.

    On 29 November 2013, the EU and Moldova initialled the text of the Association Agreement.

    The Agreement should be approved on behalf of the EU.

    CONTENT: the proposal calls on the Council to approve on behalf of the Union the Association Agreement between the Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

    Objectives of the Association Agreement: the Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration and leaving open the way for further progressive developments.

    The overall aims of the association focus on :

    ·        promoting a gradual rapprochement between the parties on the basis of common values;

    ·        strengthening the framework for enhanced political dialogue;

    ·        promoting, preserving and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions;

    ·        establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas;

    ·         enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and

    ·        establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest.

    Sectoral cooperation : the Association Agreement also provides for a wide range of sectoral cooperation, focusing on support to core reforms, economic recovery and growth, governance and sector cooperation in 28 areas, such as :

    ·        public administration reform,

    ·        management of public finances,

    ·        energy and transport,

    ·        environmental protection and direct action,

    ·        industrial and small and medium enterprise cooperation,

    ·        social policies,

    ·        consumer protection,

    ·        agriculture and rural development,

    ·        cross-border and regional level cooperation,

    ·        education and training,

    ·        civil society cooperation and youth as well as cultural cooperation.

    In all of these areas, enhanced cooperation starts from the basis of current frameworks, both bilateral and multilateral, with the aim of more systematic dialogue and exchange of information and good practice.

    Gradual approximation of legislation: key to the sectoral cooperation chapters is gradual approximation with the EU acquis set out in the annexes to the Agreement. Specific schedules for approximation and implementation by Moldova of selected parts of the EU acquis will form the core of Moldova's domestic reform and modernisation agenda.

    DCFTA: closer economic integration through the DCFTA will be a powerful stimulant to the country's economic growth. As a core element of the Association Agreement, the DCFTA will create business opportunities in both the EU and Moldova and will promote real economic modernisation and gradual integration with the EU. Higher standards of products, better services to citizens, and above all Moldova's ability to compete effectively in international markets should be the result of this process.

    Geographical indications: provision is made to protect EU geographical indications. A name protected under the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification.

    Institutional framework: the Agreement includes an updated institutional framework encompassing cooperation and dialogue fora. Specific decision-making roles are envisaged for Association Council, and by delegation for an Association Committee, which may also meet in a specific configuration to address trade issues. Space for civil society and parliamentary cooperation is also provided.

    The Agreement also includes provisions on monitoring, approximation, fulfilment of obligations and dispute settlement (including separate provisions for trade-related matters).

activities/0/docs/0/type
Old
Legislative proposal published
New
Initial legislative proposal published
activities/0/type
Old
Legislative proposal published
New
Initial legislative proposal published
activities/1
date
2014-06-02T00:00:00
docs
url: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/content/out?lang=EN&typ=SET&i=ADV&RESULTSET=1&DOC_ID=9828%2F14&DOC_LANCD=EN&ROWSPP=25&NRROWS=500&ORDERBY=DOC_DATE+DESC type: Legislative proposal published title: 09828/2014
type
Legislative proposal published
body
EC
commission
DG: url: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/ title: Enlargement url: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/ title: Trade
activities/2
date
2014-11-25T00:00:00
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EP
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Indicative plenary sitting date, 1st reading/single reading
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INTA
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2014-07-22T00:00:00
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International Trade
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group: EPP name: WINKLER Iuliu
committees/0
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EP
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committee
AFET
date
2014-07-09T00:00:00
committee_full
Foreign Affairs
rapporteur
group: ALDE name: AUŠTREVIČIUS Petras
procedure/summary
  • See also
activities/0/docs/0/text
  • PURPOSE: to conclude the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

    PROPOSED ACT: Council Decision.

    ROLE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT: the Council may adopt the act only if Parliament has given its consent to the act.

    BACKGROUND: relations between the EU and the Republic of Moldova are currently based on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement which entered into effect in July 1998.

    On 15 June 2009 the Council authorised the Commission to open negotiations with Moldova for the conclusion of a new Agreement with the European Union to replace the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.

    Negotiations of this comprehensive and ambitious Agreement between the EU and Moldova were launched in January 2010. In February 2012, the EU and Moldova also launched negotiations on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) part, as a core element of the Association Agreement.

    The Association Agreement aims to accelerate the deepening of political and economic relations between Moldova and the EU, as well as advance Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU Internal Market in selected areas, inter alia through a DCFTA, as an integral part of the Agreement.

    On 29 November 2013, the EU and Moldova initialled the text of the Association Agreement.

    The Agreement should be approved on behalf of the EU.

    CONTENT: the proposal calls on the Council to approve on behalf of the Union the Association Agreement between the Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Moldova, of the other part.

    Objectives of the Association Agreement: the Agreement establishes an association between the Parties, aiming at political association and economic integration and leaving open the way for further progressive developments.

    The overall aims of the association focus on :

    ·        promoting a gradual rapprochement between the parties on the basis of common values;

    ·        strengthening the framework for enhanced political dialogue;

    ·        promoting, preserving and strengthening peace and stability in both the regional and international dimensions;

    ·        establishing conditions for enhanced economic and trade relations leading towards Moldova's gradual economic integration with the EU internal market in selected areas;

    ·         enhancing justice, freedom and security cooperation with the aim of reinforcing the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and

    ·        establishing conditions for increasingly close cooperation in other areas of mutual interest.

    Sectoral cooperation : the Association Agreement also provides for a wide range of sectoral cooperation, focusing on support to core reforms, economic recovery and growth, governance and sector cooperation in 28 areas, such as :

    ·        public administration reform,

    ·        management of public finances,

    ·        energy and transport,

    ·        environmental protection and direct action,

    ·        industrial and small and medium enterprise cooperation,

    ·        social policies,

    ·        consumer protection,

    ·        agriculture and rural development,

    ·        cross-border and regional level cooperation,

    ·        education and training,

    ·        civil society cooperation and youth as well as cultural cooperation.

    In all of these areas, enhanced cooperation starts from the basis of current frameworks, both bilateral and multilateral, with the aim of more systematic dialogue and exchange of information and good practice.

    Gradual approximation of legislation: key to the sectoral cooperation chapters is gradual approximation with the EU acquis set out in the annexes to the Agreement. Specific schedules for approximation and implementation by Moldova of selected parts of the EU acquis will form the core of Moldova's domestic reform and modernisation agenda.

    DCFTA: closer economic integration through the DCFTA will be a powerful stimulant to the country's economic growth. As a core element of the Association Agreement, the DCFTA will create business opportunities in both the EU and Moldova and will promote real economic modernisation and gradual integration with the EU. Higher standards of products, better services to citizens, and above all Moldova's ability to compete effectively in international markets should be the result of this process.

    Geographical indications: provision is made to protect EU geographical indications. A name protected under the Agreement may be used by any operator marketing agricultural products, foodstuffs, wines, aromatised wines or spirits conforming to the corresponding specification.

    Institutional framework: the Agreement includes an updated institutional framework encompassing cooperation and dialogue fora. Specific decision-making roles are envisaged for Association Council, and by delegation for an Association Committee, which may also meet in a specific configuration to address trade issues. Space for civil society and parliamentary cooperation is also provided.

    The Agreement also includes provisions on monitoring, approximation, fulfilment of obligations and dispute settlement (including separate provisions for trade-related matters).

activities/0/docs/0/url
Old
http://old.eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=EN&type_doc=COMfinal&an_doc=2014&nu_doc=0146
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activities
  • date: 2014-03-10T00:00:00 docs: url: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=EN&type_doc=COMfinal&an_doc=2014&nu_doc=0146 title: COM(2014)0146 type: Legislative proposal published celexid: CELEX:52014PC0146:EN body: EC type: Legislative proposal published commission: DG: url: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/ title: Enlargement url: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/ title: Trade
committees
  • body: EP responsible: True committee_full: Foreign Affairs committee: AFET
  • body: EP responsible: False committee_full: International Trade committee: INTA
  • body: EP responsible: False committee_full: Industry, Research and Energy committee: ITRE
links
European Commission
other
  • body: EC dg: url: http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/ title: Enlargement url: http://ec.europa.eu/trade/ title: Trade
procedure
legal_basis
reference
2014/0083(NLE)
title
EU/Euratom/Moldova Association Agreement
geographical_area
Moldova, Republic
stage_reached
Preparatory phase in Parliament
subtype
Consent by Parliament
type
NLE - Non-legislative enactments
subject