2022/2078(INI) | [ParlTrack]

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Citation 4 a (new)

– having regard to The Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques (ENMOD Convention) adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10 December 1976,

Amendment 10 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital A c (new)

Ac. whereas currently there are neither standards nor specific regulations for the use of Galileo and its dual-use services, secure satellite communications and/or Copernicus services by Civil Protection practitioners in a Disaster situation;

Amendment 100 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8 e (new)

8e. Notes with regrets the current lack of autonomous access to space by the EU, endangering missions related to security and defence; takes the view that this situation is the result of the fragmented governance of European space policy, haphazard industrial decisions and under-investment in the European space sector;

Amendment 101 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8 f (new)

8f. Calls for a drastic change in European launcher policy to ensure that this situation never occurs again; calls on the European Commission to develop a comprehensive strategy for the Union launcher policy that prioritises autonomous access to space, redundancy, reuse and scalability, covering all types of missions, orbits, and types of payload, and to rely on the technical expertise of the European Space Agency; highlights the importance of both competitiveness and European preference, in order to assure the economic sustainability of the European launch sector;

Amendment 102 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9

9. Notes that, given the intensification of threats in the space sector, the EU and its Member States must bolster their capabilities to detect, categorise and attribute a threat; notes with concern that the space and cyberspace domains as well as joint and enabling capabilities appear to be less funded than traditional domains such as air, land and maritime, as demonstrated in the 2022 Coordinated Annual Review on Defence Report;

Amendment 103 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9

9. Notes that, given the intensification of threats in the space sector, the EU and its Member States must bolster their capabilities to detect, categorise ~~and~~, attribute a ~~threat~~nd, as a last resort, respond to a threat as quickly as possible;

Amendment 104 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9

9. Notes that, given the intensification of threats in the space sector, the EU and its Member States must bolster their capabilities and governance to detect, categorise and attribute a threat;

Amendment 105 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9

9. Notes that, given the intensification of threats in the space sector, the EU and its Member States must ~~bolster~~enhance their capabilities to detect, categorise ~~and~~ , attribute and address a threat;

Amendment 106 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9 a (new)

9a. Stresses that the infrequent public revelations on the hostile approaches of space powers aiming to target critical space infrastructure confirm both the reality of the threat of possible malicious activities and the difficulties related to determining the exact origin of these threats; recalls, in this respect, that on 15 November 2021, Russia used a direct ascent interceptor (DA-ASAT – Direct Ascent Anti-SATellite) to destroy one of its old electronic listening satellites, creating a large amount of space debris; adds that Russia eventually confirmed that it had carried out this test, without giving details of the resources used; recalls that the reality of these threats is also sufficiently supported for it to form the basis of work carried out in conjunction with the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, following Resolution 76/231 on the 'discussion of space threats with the help of norms, rules and principles of responsible behaviours';

Amendment 107 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9 a (new)

9a. Calls on the Union to initiate and support the demilitarisation of Outer Space, for example through the further development and enforcement of the so- called Outer Space Treaty and the PAROS (Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space) UN resolution; Calls for the purely civilian use and exploration of Outer Space; insists that the Union should lead the way in strengthening the increasingly contested area of international space law;

Amendment 108 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 9 b (new)

9b. Calls for great vigilance to be shown as regards the development of sensitive technologies by small private entities, which are more vulnerable to acquisitions by malicious or hostile actors and which could pose a risk of uncontrolled growth;

Amendment 109 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10

10. Stresses that space domain awareness (SDA) is essential to attributing a threat and enabling Member States to take appropriate decisions in the event of a space attack; stresses that few Member States currently possess the necessary sensors for accurate SDA and thus strongly encourages the Member States to supply the information needed to attribute hostile behaviour, for which secure, robust and reliable communication and exchange capabilities at EU level will need to be established; further adds that information exchange should also include frequent exchange of best practices between Member States, with the participation of EU institutions;

Amendment 11 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Recital B

B. whereas the strategic compass and the EU space strategy on security and defence recognise the importance of space as a strategic area in which increasingly assertive and potentially conflicting powers operate in a civil, military and economic manner;

Amendment 110 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10

10. Stresses that space domain awareness (SDA) is essential to attributing a threat and enabling Member States to take appropriate decisions in the event of a space attack; recalls that any response to an attack must be proportionate to its nature, from non-kinetic to kinetic action, and reversibility (permanent or temporary); encourages the Member States to supply the information needed to attribute hostile behaviour, for which secure, robust and reliable communication and exchange capabilities at EU level will need to be established;

Amendment 111 #

10. Stresses that space domain awareness (SDA) ~~is essential to attributing~~and command and control capabilities are essential to detecting, tracking, attributing, and responding to a threat and enabling Member States to take appropriate decisions in the event of a space attack; encourages the Member States to supply the information needed to attribute hostile behaviour, for which secure, robust and reliable communication and exchange capabilities at EU level will need to be established;

Amendment 112 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10

10. Stresses that space domain awareness (SDA) is essential to attributing a threat and enabling Member States to take appropriate decisions in the event of a space attack; encourages the Member States to supply the information needed to attribute hostile behaviour, for which secure, robust and reliable communication and exchange capabilities at EU level will need to be established; calls, similarly, to advance space situational awareness (SAA) sharing;

Amendment 113 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 10 a (new)

10a. Recalls the UN “Frameworks for a peaceful world – promoting peace, international law and digital coopera-tion”, where Member States agreed that outer space must be explored and utilised only for peaceful pur-poses and for the benefit of all States;

Amendment 114 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11

11. Welcomes the proposal set out in the strategy to amend Decision 2021/698 with a view to attributing and addressing threats to space programme services; calls for more meaningful responses on solidarity mechanisms to be taken at EU level; calls for further work to be done to make the mutual assistance clause ready for use (Article 42(7) TEU), including discussion on identifying a threshold of an attack and what kind of attack merits a response; calls, similarly, the EU and Member States to increase their efforts to reach a common understanding of what types of space activities warrant the UN Security Council involvement;

Amendment 115 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11

11. Welcomes the proposal set out in the strategy to amend Decision 2021/698 with a view to attributing and addressing threats to space programme services; ~~calls for more meaningful responses on solidarity mechanisms to be taken at EU level; calls for further work to be done to make the mutual assistance clause ready for use (Article 42(7) TEU);~~

Amendment 116 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11

11. Welcomes the proposal set out in the strategy to amend Decision 2021/698 with a view to attributing and addressing threats to space programme services; calls for more meaningful responses on solidarity mechanisms to be taken at EU level; calls for further work to be done to make the mutual assistance clause ready for use (Article 42(7) TEU) through testing and agreeing on the modalities for identifying an attack, attributing the attacker and preparing the necessary response mechanisms;

Amendment 117 #

Amendment 118 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11 – indent 1 (new)

- Calls for the further development of EU Hybrid Toolbox with the aim of addressing the different types of threats in the space domain;

Amendment 119 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 11 a (new)

11a. Highlights the need to foster the development of responsive space systems, with the aim of quickly replacing broken satellites or quickly launching small satellites into different types of orbits within a short notice;

Amendment 12 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital B a (new)

Ba. Recognising that current and future space-based capabilities and services will enhance the operational capacity of Member States and the EU for both dual-use purposes and the implementation of common security and defence policies, as well as other Union's policies in areas such as external action, border management, protection of critical assets, crisis or humanitarian aid;

Amendment 120 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12

12. Stresses that exercises are essential to testing and validating the EU’s response to space threats and calls for more frequent and robust exercises, possibly with the involvement of partner countries and international organisations;

Amendment 121 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12

12. Stresses that exercises are essential to testing and validating the EU’s response to space threats; as well as building a greater shared awareness towards space threats and cultivating a common strategic culture in the space domain;

Amendment 122 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12 a (new)

12a. Calls for the EU and Member States to adopt policies on anti-satellite (ASAT) testing, specifically aiming at banning destructive testing;

Amendment 123 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 12 b (new)

12b. Recalls that space systems and other critical infrastructure have been targeted repeatedly by cyberattacks by Russia during its illegal war against Ukraine, underscoring the intimate link between space and cyber domains; reminds therefore that EU responses and initiatives should be coherent from the point of view of both space and cyber issues;

Amendment 124 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13

13. Calls for the EU to adopt a genuine industrial policy and to be able to draw upon a competitive industry, including through the creation of Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) where necessary; takes the view that EU support to enable Member States to develop their capacity must primarily benefit European industrial players (both long-established groups and innovative SMEs); supports, at the same time, heavy investment in key technologies with the aim of reducing strategic dependence on third countries including through joint procurement of critical components and through securing the critical raw materials supply chains; emphasises the importance of the European Commission’s Observatory of Critical Technologies in detecting and monitoring the creation of dependenceies on third countries; calls on the European Commission to ensure the alignment between the Critical Raw Materials Act and the necessary needs of the space domain in the field of security and defence;

Amendment 125 #

Engin EROGLU

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13

13. Calls for the EU to adopt a genuine industrial policy and to be able to draw upon a competitive industry; takes the view that EU support to enable Member States to develop their capacity must primarily benefit European industrial players (both long-established groups and innovative SMEs); supports, at the same time, heavy investment in key technologies with the aim of reducing strategic dependence on third countries; calls, to this end, for strengthened research and teaching to make Europe the leading place for the development of key technologies;

Amendment 126 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13

13. Calls for the EU to adopt a genuine industrial policy and to be able to draw upon a competitive industry; takes the view that EU support to enable Member States to develop their capacity must primarily benefit European industrial players (both long-established groups and innovative SMEs) and, if need be, manufacturers in third countries so that solutions can be produced on European soil in cooperation with players in the continent; supports, at the same time, heavy investment in key technologies with the aim of reducing strategic dependence on third countries;

Amendment 127 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13

13. Calls for the EU to adopt a genuine industrial policy and to be able to draw upon a competitive industry; takes the view that EU support to enable Member States to develop their capacity must primarily benefit European industrial players (both long-established groups and innovative SMEs); supports, at the same time, heavy investment in key technologies, including in disruptive space technologies, with the aim of reducing strategic dependence on third countries;

Amendment 128 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13

13. Calls for the EU to adopt a genuine industrial policy and to be able to draw upon a competitive industry; takes the view that EU support to enable Member States to develop their capacity must primarily benefit European industrial players (both long-established groups and innovative SMEs); supports, at the same time, heavy and risk-taking investment in key technologies with the aim of reducing strategic dependence on third countries;

Amendment 129 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13

13. Calls for the EU to adopt a genuine industrial policy and to be able to draw upon a competitive industry; takes the view that EU support to enable Member States to develop their capacity must primarily benefit European industrial players (both long-established groups and innovative SMEs and start-ups); supports, at the same time, heavy investment in key technologies with the aim of reducing strategic dependence on third countries;

Amendment 13 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital B a (new)

Ba. whereas the EU Member States’ Heads of State or Government in the Versailles Declaration of March 11, 2022, placed the emphasis on the necessity of increased investment in strategic enablers, including cybersecurity and space-based connectivity, in order to enhance EU defence capabilities and effectively carry out a comprehensive range of EU missions and operations;

Amendment 130 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13

13. Calls for the EU to adopt a genuine industrial policy ~~and to be able to draw upon a competitive industry~~for the space sector; takes the view that EU support to enable Member States to develop their space based defence capacity must primarily benefit European industrial players (both long-established groups and innovative SMEs); supports~~, at the same time, heavy~~ investment in key space and cyber technologies with the aim of reducing strategic dependence on third countries;

Amendment 131 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 a (new)

13a. Regrets the lack of ambition from the Commission regarding the Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform, which could have greatly benefited from investment in space activities; emphasises the importance of investment to foster the development of strategic European capabilities in space;

Amendment 132 #

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 a (new)

13a. Calls on EUSPA to identify and stimulate the combined use of the EU Space Programme components and future Secure Connectivity IRIS2 that are beneficial for the robustness and resilience of Members States’ critical infrastructure;

Amendment 133 #

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Massimiliano SALINI, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 b (new)

13b. Reiterates the need for more uptake of space services by stimulating the adoption of space solutions across a wide range of EU policies, in particular concerning governmental use in the domain of security and defence, and to increase the competitiveness of the EU downstream space industry;

Amendment 134 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 b (new)

13b. Calls for the establishment of Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) aimed at ensuring the competitiveness and European technological sovereignty of the EU launcher sector;

Amendment 135 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 13 c (new)

13c. Highlights the underutilisation of data provided by the EU components of the space program; calls for an improved utilisation of EU space data and services by public authorities, particularly in the field of security and defence; advocates for a European preference in the selection of space data and services by public authorities;

Amendment 136 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14

14. Stresses that~~, if space capabilities are to be developed,~~ the current multiannual financial framework is insufficient to respond to the growing needs of the Union and the Members in space capacities and resilience, in particular concerning access to space, earth observation, space situational awareness, advanced PNT, and their related services to users; calls for the resources allocated to space in the next multiannual financial framework ~~mus~~to be s~~tepped up~~ignificantly stepped up, including the support to EU agencies like the EUSPA, the EU Sat Centre and the EDA; stresses, in particular, the need to increase funding for space traffic management and space surveillance with a view to protecting the EU’s space infrastructure and addressing threats; draws attention to the need to achieve coherence in and provide visibility for all the different types of funding allocated via instruments to European space policy;

Amendment 137 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14

14. Stresses that, if space capabilities are to be developed, the resources allocated to space in the next multiannual financial framework must be stepped up; stresses, in particular, the need to increase funding for space traffic management ~~and~~, space surveillance, and tracking and threat assessment capabilities with a view to protecting the EU’s space infrastructure and addressing threats; draws attention to the need to achieve coherence in and provide visibility for all the different types of funding allocated via instruments to European space policy;

Amendment 138 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14

14. Stresses that, if space capabilities are to be developed, the resources allocated to space in the next multiannual financial framework must be s~~tepped up~~ubstantially increased; stresses, in particular, the need to increase funding for space traffic management and space surveillance with a view to protecting the EU’s space infrastructure and addressing threats; draws attention to the need to achieve coherence in and provide visibility for all the different types of funding allocated via instruments to European space policy;

Amendment 139 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 14

14. Stresses that, if space capabilities are to be developed, the resources allocated to space in the next multiannual financial framework must be stepped up; stresses, in particular, the need to increase funding for space traffic management and ~~space surveillance~~SDA with a view to protecting the EU’s space infrastructure and addressing potential threats; draws attention to the need to achieve coherence in and provide visibility for ~~all~~ the different types of funding allocated via instruments to European space policy;

Amendment 14 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital B a (new)

Ba. whereas there have been numerous calls at the United Nations for a legally binding international agreement to ensure that space does not become militarised and to prevent an arms race in space;

Amendment 140 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15

15. Calls for coherence between existing instruments to be improved with a view to preventing unnecessary duplication of investments; considers it essential for funding to be properly channelled into those instruments, taking into account the capacities available at both EU and commercial level; ~~supports joint programming between the European Development Fund, the EU Space Programme and Horizon Europe in an effort to speed up the development of relevant capacities;~~ stresses the importance of synergies between EU and national ~~– civilian, space and defence –~~space programmes to meet capability needs;

Amendment 141 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15

15. Calls for coherence between existing instruments to be improved with a view to preventing unnecessary duplication of investments; considers it essential for funding to be properly channelled into those instruments, taking into account the capacities available at both EU and commercial level; supports joint programming between the European De~~velopment~~fence Fund, the EU Space Programme ~~and Horizon Europe~~, Horizon Europe and the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) projects in an effort to speed up the development of relevant capacities; stresses the importance of synergies between EU and national – civilian, space and defence – programmes to meet capability needs;

Amendment 142 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15

15. Calls for coherence between existing instruments to be improved with a view to preventing unnecessary duplication of investments; considers it essential for funding to be properly channelled into those instruments, taking into account the capacities available at both EU and commercial level; supports joint programming between the European Development Fund, the EU Space Programme and Horizon Europe in an effort to speed up the development of relevant capacities; stresses the importance of synergies between EU ~~and~~, national and European Space Agency – civilian, space and defence – programmes to meet capability needs;

Amendment 143 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 15 a (new)

15a. Calls on EU Institutions to pursue their efforts in developing a European Union’s Earth-Observation service for governmental users for sensitive applications and to consider potential funding opportunities for this endeavour;

Amendment 144 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16

16. Calls for the technical skills needed in public administration and businesses to be improved by further investing in ~~training~~education and training; including through strong focus on the security and defence aspect of the space domain which can be organised by the European Security and Defence College where necessary; notes the importance of increased investment in space-related education at all educational levels, with a strong focus on greater gender equality in the field of space since only 30% of the workforce internationally is made up of women;

Amendment 145 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16

16. Calls for the technical skills needed in public administration and businesses to be improved by further investing in initial and ongoing training;

Amendment 146 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 a (new)

16a. Recalls that in order to maintain and strengthen the security, defence and stability of Europe it is important to prevent the export of sensitive space technology to countries which endanger regional or global security and stability; urges the Member States and the Commission to make sure that the eight criteria of Common Position 2008/944/CFSP and the rules of the Dual- Use-Regulation are being fully respected regarding the export of space related technology;

Amendment 147 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 16 a (new)

16a. Recommends Member States to expand space-related cooperative research, development and acquisition with Allied third countries and partners, particularly those capable of advancing defensive capabilities, resilient architectures and options for capability reconstitution to reduce vulnerabilities and deter potential adversaries;

Amendment 148 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17

17. Stresses that EU and Member State resilience and their response to hostile actions in space, particularly malicious threats to EU space assets in outer space, such as the testing of anti-satellite weapons as demonstrated by Russia in 2021, must be underpinned by clear, flexible and responsive governance;

Amendment 149 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17

17. Stresses that EU and Member State resilience and their response to potential hostile actions in space must be underpinned by clear, flexible and responsive governance;

Amendment 15 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital B a (new)

Ba. whereas space security is essential to ensure global stability, and can help to mitigate the impact of conflict or to avoid conflict altogether;

Amendment 150 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17

17. Stresses that EU and Member State resilience and their response to ~~hostile action~~risks in space must be underpinned by clear, flexible and responsive governance;

Amendment 151 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17 a (new)

17a. Reminds that EU policies on space and security must be consistent with other sectoral policies on space, and that the participation of defence sector operators in the different pillars of the EU space policies and related research programs should be ensured; calls for the input of the defence sector to be taken into account in new EU initiatives concerning space, for example in the development of data transmission systems, GPS technology, intelligence capabilities and the space situational awareness;

Amendment 152 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 17 a (new)

17a. Highlights the fragmentation of competences in the EU approach to space and defence, with competences split between the Commission, the EEAS, the EUMC, the EUMS, the EUSPA, national defence authorities, national space agencies, the EU Sat Centre, the EDA, and other non-EU bodies such as ESA; Calls the Commission and the Council to reflect on a more integrated and clear governance for the competences related to space and defence, in order to avoid duplication;

Amendment 153 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18

18. Believes that governance is unique to each component of the space programme; stresses that those components, which have major implications for the security of the Member States, require harmonised governance that involves the Member States and makes it possible to protect information;deleted

Amendment 154 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18

Amendment 155 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18

18. Believes that governance is unique to each component of the space programme; stresses that those components, which have major implications for the security of the Member States, require shar~~monised governance~~ed strategic outlook that involves the Member States and makes it possible to protect information;

Amendment 156 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18 a (new)

18a. Is concerned by situations where the decision to allow or suspend the use of satellite communication networks is left to private companies and their impact on the conduct of military operations, considering the increasing role that "New Space" private space companies play; calls for the establishment of specific measures to ensure that private space companies providing a service are considered, in times of crisis, as private entities with a public service mission in order to prevent any suspension or degraded access to space services, in particular satellite communication;

Amendment 157 #

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Massimiliano SALINI, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18 a (new)

18a. Welcomes the Union Secure Connectivity Programme (IRIS2) as part of the EU’s space programmes and stresses the importance of strengthening transparency in the governance of all the space programmes through greater empowerment and accountability for all necessary public sector actors; considers this will ensure best use of budget and avoid that EU is dependent on non-EU bodies for the implementation and operation of its space programme and future programmes such as secure connectivity;

Amendment 158 #

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Massimiliano SALINI, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18 b (new)

18b. Welcomes the governance approach of Galileo and EGNOS, which is crucial for the good functioning of the EU Space Programme architecture and for the robustness of the system; recalls the importance of extending this unique chain of command and clear division of task to all EU space components;

Amendment 159 #

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Massimiliano SALINI, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 18 c (new)

18c. Welcomes the development of IRIS2, the EU space-based global ultra- secure communications system, as an important instrument for the security of sensitive digital communications; recalls that continuous efforts should be done to secure the European space activities, in cooperation with the EU Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) and the European Space Agency (ESA);

Amendment 16 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital B b (new)

Bb. whereas at the Conference on Disarmament, China and the Russian Federation introduced the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects in 2008 and submitted an updated version in 2014, and most recently in September 2022 the Russian Federation supported by China and others submitted a draft resolution at the United Nations entitled "Prevention of an arms race in outer space," and in October 2022 the United States with broad sponsorship submitted a draft resolution entitled "Destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite missile testing";

Amendment 160 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19

19. Stresses that changes to Copernicus services to enable it to meet defence requirements should be subject to appropriate governance closely involving the European Union Satellite Centre (SatCen); recognises the essential role of SatCen as a single collective geospatial intelligence capability that lends weight to the EU’s and its Member States’ capacity to take autonomous decisions and action;deleted

Amendment 161 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19

19. ~~Stresses that changes to Copernicus services to enable it to meet defence requirement~~Welcomes the reflexion set out in the strategy for new governmental earth observation capacities and services; highlights that only few Member States have advanced capabilities in this field; is of the opinion that these new services could benefit all Member States and the EU, in particular by mutualising investments and capacities in this strategic area; stresses that changes these new governmental earth observation services should be subject to appropriate governance closely involving the European Union Satellite Centre (SatCen); recognises the essential role of SatCen as a single collective geospatial intelligence capability that lends weight to the EU’s and its Member States’ capacity to take autonomous decisions and action; recalls the need to make use of EU Agencies' expertise in the security accreditation, monitoring and contract implementation in this regard;

Amendment 162 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 19 a (new)

19a. Stresses the importance of ensuring coherence and further develop Permanent European Structured Cooperation (PESCO) projects in the field of governmental imagery, space-based missile early warning, military PNT, defence of space assets; is attentive to the delivery in time of PESCO capability projects related to space;

Amendment 163 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 20

20. Points out that governance must not duplicate existing means or circumvent Member States in areas such as threat attribution, which largely relies on national capabilities; stresses, in this regard, that SatCen’s experience and expertise and its trust-based relationship with Member States and industry can be usefully exploited in this area; emphasises the need to further increase SatCen’s funding to allow it to effectively execute its operations in light of increased demand for its products in recent years;

Amendment 164 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 20

Amendment 165 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21

21. Notes that the changing geopolitical landscape must spur the EU and its Member States on to reach common and coordinated positions so that they are able to set standards; supports multilateral solutions, reached within the UN framework, in the area of space governance; calls on the European Union and its Member States to reaffirm the applicability of international humanitarian law; and to call for a revision of the Outer Space Treaty, Partial Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Other Hostile use of Environmental Modification Technique, bringing them in line with technological developments and the increased number of threats in space; notes the need for international legal frameworks aimed at structural regulation of the New Space actors;

Amendment 166 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21

21. Notes that the changing geopolitical landscape must spur the EU and its Member States on to reach common and coordinated positions so that they are able to set ~~standard~~international standards; notes with regret the unilateral adoption of legislative texts governing space activities, especially in relation to resource collection, by several countries; supports multilateral solutions, reached within the UN framework, in the area of space governance; calls on the European Union and its Member States to reaffirm the applicability of international humanitarian law;

Amendment 167 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21

Amendment 168 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21

21. Notes that the changing geopolitical landscape must spur the EU and ~~its Member States~~the international community on to reach common and coordinated positions ~~so that they are able to set standards; supports~~through multilateral solutions, reached within the UN framework, in the area of space governance; calls on the European Union and its Member States to reaffirm the applicability of international humanitarian law;

Amendment 169 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21 a (new)

21a. Calls on Member States to engage with the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to establish an international mechanism to coordinate the implementation of the proposed regime or governance frameworks on the sustainability of outer space, taking into account the five United Nations treaties on outer space and other instruments for international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space; notes that this international coordination mechanism, developed in cooperation with relevant bodies of the United Nations system, should incorporate a platform for broader operational stakeholder inclusion;

Amendment 17 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital C

~~C. whereas the space capabilities of the EU and its Member States generate activities that are essential to the economy and the functioning of our societies;~~deleted

Amendment 170 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21 a (new)

21a. Notes the growing interdependency of space and terrestrial defence and security; deplores that simultaneously the international norms regulating space security has remained limited; calls on the EU to assume more active role as a facilitator in international norm-building in space, in order to also enhance its own security, and to simultaneously promote internal unity and coordination between EU member states;

Amendment 171 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 21 b (new)

21b. Welcomes the international efforts of some EU member states to advance international principles for responsible behaviour in outer space; calls for the development of safeguards to prevent rising militarisation of space, including by addressing them in the forthcoming European space legislation;

Amendment 172 #

Jean-Lin LACAPELLE, Thierry MARIANI

21c. Calls for the EU and Member States to reaffirm commitments to transparency and confidence building measures (TCBM) to advance new measures for space security in the light of threats today; reminds that TCBMs can significantly support growth of domestic and commercial space sectors; notes that Space Situational Awareness (SSA) is a promising avenue for cooperation and transparency;

Amendment 173 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22

22. Stresses the importance of developing cooperation with strategic partners; supports the continuation of an enhanced dialogue with the United States, as equals, while remaining vigilant to the risk that it may seek to steer or dictate outlooks, standards and rules that the Member States have not helped to shape; calls for deeper cooperation ~~and for alliances to be established with like-minded states (the UK, Canada, Japan) or other EU partners (India)~~with G7 states (the UK, Canada, Japan) but also with new partners from South America, Africa or Asia, in order to make the cosmos a space for cooperation that is governed by law, that goes beyond the increasing bloc- oriented approach on Earth and that takes into account the emergence of new powers on all continents;

Amendment 174 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22

22. Stresses the importance of developing cooperation with strategic partners; supports the continuation of an enhanced dialogue with the United States, while remaining vigilant to the risk that it may seek to steer or dictate outlooks, standards and rules that the Member States have not helped to shape; calls for deeper cooperation and for alliances to be established with like-minded states (the UK, Canada, Japan) or other EU partners (India); calls for deeper cooperation with the wider international community through forums such the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its subcommittees and working groups;

Amendment 175 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22

22. Stresses the importance of developing cooperation with strategic partners; supports the continuation of an enhanced dialogue with the United States, while remaining vigilant to the risk that it may seek to steer or dictate outlooks, standards and rules that the Member States have not helped to shape; calls for deeper cooperation and for alliances to be established with like-minded states, including (the UK, Canada, Japan~~) or~~, the Republic of Korea and Australia and other EU partners, including (India);

Amendment 176 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22

22. Stresses the importance of developing cooperation with strategic partners; supports the continuation of an enhanced dialogue with the United States, while ~~remaining vigilant to the risk that it may seek to steer or dictate outlooks, standards and rules~~ensuring the EU’s strategic autonomy, its ability to proactively act and decisively react to threats theo EU and Member States ~~have not helped to shap~~’ assets and interests in space, and its role as an international power in space; calls for deeper cooperation and for alliances to be established with ~~like-min~~the broadedr s~~tates (the UK, Canada, Japan) or other EU~~et of EU strategic partners ~~(India)~~;

Amendment 177 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22

Amendment 178 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 22 a (new)

22a. Recommends that the EU and NATO should seek to promote dialogue between Member States and the private sector on space-based challenges and opportunities for shared R&D among Member States, particularly SME's and Midcaps in the space sector.

Amendment 179 #

Jean-Lin LACAPELLE, Thierry MARIANI

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23

Amendment 18 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital C

C. whereas the space capabilities of the EU and its Member States generate activities that are essential to the economy and the functioning of our societies; including in the EU’s outermost regions (OR), such as French Guiana, which is home to the world-renowned Kourou launch centre, a European spaceport;

Amendment 180 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23

23. Notes that NATO is conducting strategic reflection in the space domain; notes, however, that the EU, in its own right and through its Member States, already has more developed programmes, capacities and institutions that do not compete with these advances; calls for considerably closer cooperation between the EU and NATO, based on shared threat analysis, to be pursued in areas of shared interest, ~~while ensuring that the roles, competences and autonomy of the two organisations are scrupulously maintained~~for example through shared exercises, and sharing information on Space Domain Awareness and space threats; reminds that the EU and NATO already discuss space issues under “resilience dialogue”, and calls for the strengthening of this dialogue by setting up a dedicated “space dialogue”;

Amendment 181 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23

23. Notes that NATO is conducting strategic reflection in the space domain; notes, however, that the EU, in its own right and through its Member States, already has more developed programmes, capacities and institutions that do not compete with these advances; calls for closer cooperation between the EU and NATO to be pursued in areas of shared interest, including via joint training and exercises, exchanges of best practices, staff-to-staff meetings, and mutual briefings while ensuring that the roles, competences and autonomy of the two organisations are scrupulously maintained;

Amendment 182 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23

23. Notes that NATO is conducting strategic reflection in the space domain; ~~notes, however~~further notes, that the EU, in its own right and through its Member States and own capabilities, already has more developed programmes, capacities and institutions that do not compete with these advances; calls for closer cooperation between the EU and NATO to be pursued in areas of shared interest, while ensuring that the roles, competences and autonomy of the two organisations are scrupulously maintained and updated through continuous dialogue and reflection;

Amendment 183 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23

Amendment 184 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23 a (new)

23a. Recommends Member States to support NATO's development as the principal transatlantic forum for consultation on space security; to this end, considers that the Secretary General should promote information-sharing, space-based crisis scenarios, integrated assessments of air-land-sea-space threats, and regular updates on space interoperability in the North Atlantic Council (NAC); efforts should be made now to begin incorporating more space expertise across Member States to improve Member States overall ‘space IQ’, ideally via Advanced Training Courses between NATO, EU and Member State officials;

Amendment 185 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23 a (new)

23a. Reminds that commercialisation of space demands a new culture of space governance, both in defining norms and in implementation of those; calls therefore on the EU to create suitable platforms and institution where also non- state actors such as companies and civil society organisations are able to participate;

Amendment 186 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23 b (new)

23b. Recommends that the EEAS and NATO should lead efforts to support Member States in including outer space in resilience planning, to ensure that deterrence and defence efforts remain solvent in the event that attacks or denial in space impair critical infrastructure (e.g., communications and energy grids);

Amendment 187 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 23 c (new)

23c. Recognises NATO and EU's critical role in ensuring the free access, exploration, and use of outer space for peaceful purposes for Member States; recommends that NATO and the EU continue to promote that all activities in outer space are conducted in accordance with international law. Recommends NATO to review how the geographic delimitations of the NATO treaty would be interpreted for outer space security contingencies;

Amendment 188 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24

24. ~~Points out that~~Highlights the role of the European Space Agency ~~must continue to play its role as a technical agency for European satellite projects and~~as a technical agency, contributing among others to the implementation of the EU space policy; recalls that cooperation with itESA must be c~~arried out~~onducted within a framework ~~which protect~~that safeguards the essential interests of the Union; emphasises the need for increased efforts by ESA to achieve the highest standards in the management of EU classified information and projects;

Amendment 189 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24

24. Points out that the European Space Agency must continue to play its role as a technical agency for European satellite projects and that cooperation with it must be carried out within a framework which protects the essential interests of the Union; welcomes the ESA’s Civil Security from Space program which aims to foster the use of space-based solutions to act swiftly to support humanitarian responses, law enforcement, safety and emergency events, within and outside the EU;

Amendment 19 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital C

C. whereas the space capabilities of the EU and its Member States generate activities that are essential to the economy, scientific research and the functioning of our societies;

Amendment 190 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24

24. Points out that the European Space Agency ~~must continue to play its~~takes on a role as a technical agency for European satellite projects and that cooperation with it must be carried out within a framework which protects the essential interests of the Union;

Amendment 191 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24 – indent 1 (new)

- Calls on Member States to fully comply with the eight criteria on arms exports in line with Council Common Position 2008/944/CFSP, which includes space capabilities and components with military use, and that their national exports do not fuel regional tensions or undermine the security of other Member States, allies, partners or of the EU as a whole, while fully supporting the legitimate security and defence needs of allies and partner countries;

Amendment 192 #

Arnaud DANJEAN, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Massimiliano SALINI, Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 24 a (new)

24a. Points out that the EU Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) in charge with the provision of commercial and governmental services and the operational security of the satellites systems should continue to reinforce its role in providing strategic autonomy to the EU for the security of the space systems in operations;

Amendment 2 #

Motion for a resolution
Citation 30 a (new)

– having regard to the Group of Governmental Experts on the prevention of an arms race in outer space established in 2017 by resolution A/RES/72/250 of the UN General Assembly,

Amendment 20 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Recital D

D. whereas ~~thos~~space-based assets are dual-use, serving civilian purposes, while being crucial to security and defence; whereas space capabilities have become indispensable not only because they make it possible to make autonomous assessments and decisions and take autonomous action but also because they are essential to EU and Member State civilian and military operations;

Amendment 21 #

Da. whereas the EU has lost autonomous access to space for the deployment of its civil and military satellites, resulting in security risks incurred by relying on non-European launchers, from non-EU territory for its institutional missions;

Amendment 22 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital E

E. whereas space activities have become more common, the risk of collisions ~~and debri~~leading to more space debris and thus potential damage to existing working assets in space has grown, the number of state and private players has risen, a technological and commercial space race is taking place and strategic competition between space powers has heated up;

Amendment 23 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital E

E. whereas space activities have become more common, the risk of collisions and debris in space has grown, the number of state and private players has risen, a technological and commercial space race is taking place ~~and~~, competition between space powers has heated up and the potential for escalation is increasing;

Amendment 24 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital E a (new)

Ea. whereas if we combine the expected growth of the space sector in the coming years and the fact that rocket production and launches generate emissions across layers of the atmosphere, up to and including the ozone layer, it is evident that environmental pollution risks from rocket launch emissions merit consideration; whereas this issue of the potential impacts of space activities on the environment will require further attention at the international level;

Amendment 25 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Recital E a (new)

Ea. whereas the principle against the weaponisation of space has been described as a 'myth' by the US Department of Defense's Deputy Assistant Secretary for space policy; whereas the weaponisation of space builds on the older militarisation thereof, which is governed by the United Nations' Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space;

Amendment 26 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital E a (new)

Ea. whereas the development of “New Space” private space capabilities constitutes opportunities of innovation in cooperation with Member States but also challenges; whereas such private capabilities have been used in the context of the illegal war of aggression of Russia against Ukraine, for example when Starlink suspended the services it was providing to Ukraine;

Amendment 27 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital E b (new)

Eb. whereas additional normative international frameworks are needed to prevent any extension of armed conflict into outer space and to prevent the weaponisation of outer space;

Amendment 28 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital E b (new)

Eb. whereas this weaponisation translates into the development of means to neutralise, or even destroy, spacecraft;

Amendment 29 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital F

F. whereas threats to the space, civilian or military capabilities of the EU and its Member States, whether accidental or intentional, have grown in number, in particular given the increased number of actors with anti-satellite capabilities, and are difficult to detect and attribute to a source, and unfriendly behaviour, whether rooted in ambiguity or intimidation, has intensified;

Amendment 3 #

Motion for a resolution
Citation 38 a (new)

– having regard to the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (A/RES/2222 (XXI)) of 19 December 1966,

Amendment 30 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital F

F. whereas threats to the space, civilian or military capabilities of the EU and its Member States, whether accidental or intentional, have grown in number and type and are difficult to detect and attribute to a single actor or source, and unfriendly behaviour, whether rooted in ambiguity or intimidation, has intensified;

Amendment 31 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Recital F

F. whereas threats to the space, civilian or military capabilities of the EU and its Member States, whether accidental or intentional, have grown in number and are difficult to detect and attribute to a source, and ~~unfriendly behaviour, whether rooted in ambiguity or intimidation~~due to this ambiguity, the perception of unfriendly behaviour, has intensified;

Amendment 32 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital F a (new)

Fa. whereas the deliberate creation of debris fields by malicious actors, using anti-satellite missiles, can lead to collisional cascading (Kessler syndrome), preventing safe access to space; whereas such actions constitute a type of hybrid warfare;

Amendment 33 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Recital F a (new)

Fa. whereas an international common vision relating to possible reaction thresholds for acts occurring in space does not exist; whereas this lack could lead to an accidental or unintentional escalation;

Amendment 34 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital G

G. whereas threats of that kind also have major humanitarian and crisis management effects, as those capacities are often used to assist people affected by emergencies (natural disasters or armed conflicts), as well as to monitor climate change effects (wildfire, sea currents, crops);

Amendment 35 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital H

H. whereas European space capabilities are not sufficiently secure, the European space industries are dependent on third countries, a disparityies exists among Member States in the extent to which their national space systems are protected and financially supported, and rapid and effective response capacity in the event of a space crisis is lacking;

Amendment 36 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital H

H. whereas European space capabilities are not sufficiently secure, thand some European space industries are still dependent on third countries, a disparity exists among Member States in the extent to which their national space systems are protected, and rapid and effective response capacity in the event of a space crisis is lacking;

Amendment 37 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital H a (new)

Ha. whereas space is one of the fastest growing economic sectors, the aggregated annual spending of EU Member States on civil space operations roughly amounts to only one-third of the United States' spending and half of China's spending with such significant disparity making it challenging to achieve the EU’s goal of open strategic autonomy in space;

Amendment 38 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital H a (new)

Ha. whereas Russia's full scale invasion of Ukraine has demonstrated the essential need and strategic value of geospatial imagery in military targeting, manoeuvring, and defence;

Amendment 39 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital H a (new)

Ha. whereas commercial actors are increasingly engaged in space domain, with commercial exploitation of space is growing exponentially, also affecting space security;

Amendment 4 #

Motion for a resolution
Citation 39 a (new)

– having regard to the Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and under water of 5 August 1963,

Amendment 40 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital H b (new)

Hb. whereas space and cyber domains are intimately linked; whereas the war in Ukraine highlights issues that must be addressed by international space and cyber governance;

Amendment 41 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital H b (new)

Hb. whereas cooperative approaches to space services are vital to detect and handle multinational issues such as climate change or natural disasters;

Amendment 42 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1

1. Welcomes the findings and high level of ambition in the recommendations proposed in the EU space strategy in the area of security and defence, which lives up to the high expectations of European players in the space sector, and calls for the recommended actions to be taken in a swift and effective mannerRejects the EU space strategy in the area of security and defence;

Amendment 43 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1

1. Welcomes the findings and high level of ambition in the recommendations proposed in the EU space strategy in the area of security and defence, which lives up to the high expectations of European players in the space sector, and calls for the recommended actions to be taken in a swift and effective manner, in accordance to the EU’s guiding principle of open strategic autonomy;

Amendment 44 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 1 – indent 1 (new)

- Notes that the Climate Change and Defence Roadmap recognises climate change as a ‘threat multiplier that fundamentally affects our long-term security’ and sets out concrete actions to address the increasingly important climate and security nexus; stresses the importance of closely monitoring and reporting on climate change through the use of EU space capabilities due to its crucial consequences on the Union’s security, its effect on conflicts in neighbouring regions, migration flows, and implications on food security, energy production and international trade;

Amendment 45 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2

2. Notes that the upsurge in risks and threats in space and on space systems, either ground- (ground stations, launchers) or space-based (satellites), is good reason to bolster the resilience of space infrastructure, systems and services;

Amendment 46 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2

2. Notes that the upsurge in risks and threats in space ~~is good reason to bolster~~necessitates a major improvement to the resilience of European space infrastructure, systems and services;

Amendment 47 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2

2. Notes that the upsurge in risks and threats in space is good reason to bolster the resilience of space infrastructure, systems, supply chain and services;

Amendment 48 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2

2. Notes that the upsurge in risks and threats in space ~~is good reason to~~makes bolstering the resilience of space infrastructure, systems and services necessary;

Amendment 49 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2

2. Notes that ~~the upsurge~~ existing risks ~~and threats in space is good reason to bolster~~from space debris requires improving the resilience of space infrastructure, systems and services;

Amendment 5 #

Motion for a resolution
Citation 40 a (new)

– having regard to the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or any Other Hostile use of Environmental Modification Technique of 10 December 1976,

Amendment 50 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 2 – point 1 (new)

(1) Recognises space systems and satellites as critical infrastructure, which ought to be protected and strengthened;

Amendment 51 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3

3. Welcomes the proposal set out in the strategy to draw up a classified annual space threat analysis document with a view to making Member States collectively aware of the extent of those threats and the action to be taken to address them effectively; hopes that MEPs will be able to securely access this document in the context of the European Parliament's work on EU space policy;

Amendment 52 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 3

3. Welcomes the proposal set out in the strategy to draw up a classified annual space threat analysis document with a view to making Member States collectively aware of the extent of those threats and the action to be taken to address them effectively, and call the first document to be adopted by the end of 2024;

Amendment 53 #

3. Welcomes the proposal set out in the strategy to draw up a classified annual space threat analysis document with a view to making the EU and Member States collectively aware of the extent of those threats and the action to be taken to address them effectively;

Amendment 54 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4

4. Notes that 11 of the 27 Member States have already introduced national space laws; welcomes the Commission’s initiative to propose space legislation for the EU establishing a common, harmonised and coherent security framework to bolster the resilience of EU space services and prevent excessive fragmentation of the global space market; points out that this framework is eagerly awaited by the Member States and the ~~main industrial players in the space sector~~wider space industry, including major industrial players and SMEs; emphasises the need to establish an effective regulatory framework for new space companies based in the European Union, with significant emphasis on protective measures and information security, in alignment with the security needs of the Union;

Amendment 55 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4

4. Notes that 11 of the 27 Member States have already introduced national space laws; welcomes the Commission’s initiative to propose space legislation for the EU establishing a common, harmonised and coherent security framework to bolster the resilience of EU space services and prevent excessive fragmentation of the global space market; points out that this framework is eagerly awaited by the Member States and the main industrial players in the space sector; encourages the Commission to include matters of registration, liability and environmental standards into the new space legislation; reminds of Member States also to invest in operationalisation of existing commitments of space treaties;

Amendment 56 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4

4. Notes that 11 of the 27 Member States have already introduced national space laws; welcomes the Commission’s initiative to propose space legislation for the EU establishing a common, harmonised and coherent security framework to bolster the resilience of EU space services and prevent excessive fragmentation of the global space market while contributing to strengthen the European industry’s competitiveness; points out that this harmonised EU framework is eagerly awaited by the Member States and the main industrial players in the space sector;

Amendment 57 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4

4. Notes that 11 of the 27 Member States have already introduced national space laws; is worried of the fragmentation of the EU and global space market, in particular concerning the regulatory framework; welcomes the Commission’s initiative to propose space legislation for the EU establishing a common, harmonised and coherent security and sustainability framework to bolster the resilience of EU space services ~~and prevent excessive fragmentation of the global space market~~; points out that this framework is eagerly awaited by the Member States and the main industrial players in the space sector;

Amendment 58 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4

Amendment 59 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4 a (new)

4a. Recognises that Member States respective Ministries and Departments of Commerce, Energy, Aeronautics, Space Administration and other relevant departments and agencies should carry out periodic reviews of their functionality, competitiveness and capacity to contribute to the space-industrial base across Member States and to ensure frequent benchmarks and key performance indicators that prioritise their resilience and technological advancement;

Amendment 6 #

Motion for a resolution
Citation 40 b (new)

– having regard to the Climate Change and Defence Roadmap of 9 November 2020,

Amendment 60 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 4 a (new)

4a. Stresses the need to develop at a UN level an effective framework for the coordination of space situational awareness and to develop norms and principles for space debris removal;

Amendment 61 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5

5. ~~Calls for the regulatory and capacity resources for space traffic management to be boosted with the aim of better protecting the EU’s infrastructure in orbi~~Notes with regret the refusal of the United States, China and Russia to support the draft Code of Conduct for space, proposed by the European Union with the support of France, in the United Nations; calls for the international regulatory and capacity resources for space traffic management to be boosted and for the establishment of common reaction thresholds for acts occurring in space with the aim of better protecting the EU’s infrastructure in orbit; notes with regret that the main 'New Space' actors, viewing this as a constraint, have not yet shown willingness in this respect; calls on the Member States to consolidate their efforts in the field of space surveillance and the tracking of objects in an effort to reducing the risk of collision;

Amendment 62 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5

5. Calls for the regulatory and capacity resources for space traffic management (STM) to be boosted with the aim of better protecting the EU’s infrastructure in orbit; calls on the Member States to consolidate their efforts in the field of space surveillance and the tracking of objects in an effort to reducing the risk of collision; reminds of the importance of enhancing cyber security of both space systems and ground terminals against cyberattacks; calls for the coordination of STM regulations with international players to set worldwide standards as space activities are by nature a global endeavour;

Amendment 63 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5

5. Calls for the regulatory and capacity resources for space traffic management to be boosted with the aim of better protecting the EU’s infrastructure in orbit; ~~calls on the~~insists on the fact that the EU should not rely on third-party space surveillance systems; calls therefore on the European Union and its Member States to ~~consolidate~~strengthen their efforts in the field of space surveillance and the tracking of objects in an effort to reducing the risk of collision;

Amendment 64 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5

5. Calls for the regulatory and capacity resources for space traffic management to be boosted with the aim of better protecting the EU’s infrastructure in orbit; calls on the Member States to consolidate their efforts in the field of space surveillance and the tracking of objects in an effort to reducing the risk of collision; calls for increased international cooperation in the field of space traffic management;

Amendment 65 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5

5. Calls for the regulatory and capacity resources ~~for space traffic management~~necessary for the support of the EU space traffic management capabilities, in order for them to be boosted with the aim of better protecting the EU’s infrastructure in orbit; calls on the Member States to consolidate their efforts in the field of space surveillance and the tracking of objects in an effort to reducing the risk of collision;

Amendment 66 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5

5. Calls for the regulatory and capacity resources for space traffic management to be boosted with the aim of better protecting the EU’s infrastructure in orbit and reducing the space sector's environmental footprint; calls on the Member States to consolidate their efforts in the field of space surveillance and the tracking of objects in an effort to reducing the risk of collision;

Amendment 67 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5

5. Calls for ~~the~~a boost in regulatory and capacity resources for space traffic management ~~to be boosted~~, with the aim of better protecting the EU’s's, Member States' and private infrastructure in orbit; cCalls ~~on the~~ Member States and the Commission to consolidate their efforts in the field of space surveillance and ~~the~~object tracking ~~of objects in an effort~~ to reduc~~ing~~e the risk of collisions;

Amendment 68 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5 a (new)

5a. Regrets the Union's heavy dependence on third countries for space surveillance and tracking (SST) data; urges for increased investments by the Commission and Member States in SST detection capacities to support the development of a more extensive European database, in cooperation with EUSST consortium; calls for a participation of all EU Member States to the EUSST consortium; highlights the need to develop a European market of SST data; recalls the role that the SST Front Desk operated by EUSPA is a good foundation for space traffic management development and operations;

Amendment 69 #

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Massimiliano SALINI, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5 a (new)

5a. Stresses the need of raising awareness at EU scale of the importance of using the Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) and new Galileo differentiators such as High Accuracy, Authentication Service, Galileo Emergency warning service – and their use by civil and governmental users in a synergetic way with Earth Observation and Secure communications in order to strengthen the operational capacity of the European Union to act in all phases of disaster risk management (natural and man-made disasters);

Amendment 7 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital A

A. whereas the EU has ~~programmes and~~ capabilities t~~hat~~o make it a ~~space power~~n important player for peaceful civilian space governance;

Amendment 70 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Nathalie LOISEAU, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5 a (new)

5a. Calls on the European Union and its Member States to consider supporting the establishment of an international administrative body tasked with enforcing existing legislation relating to space, following the example of that already existing for air traffic;

Amendment 71 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 5 f (new)

5f. Highlights the crucial role of the Galileo Public Regulated Service (PRS) and emphasises the need for its continued development in subsequent generations to effectively address evolving threats;

Amendment 72 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6

6. Calls for the IRIS² secure connectivity constellation to be swiftly set up and made ready for use with a view to providing constant access to secure and sovereign connectivity services that meet the Member States’ operational ~~needs;~~ tactical and strategical needs, including governmental applications in domains such as crisis management, protection of key government infrastructure and surveillance; notes the importance of satellite-based secure connectivity, including through the use of quantum encryption as well as space-based earth observation as critical enablers; furthermore, emphasises the importance of IRIS² towards the effective implementation of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy, through supporting its ongoing missions abroad, providing secure connectivity for the Rapid Deployment Capacity, and in assisting crisis response efforts across the globe if necessary;

Amendment 73 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6

6. Calls for the IRIS² secure connectivity constellation to be swiftly set up and made ready for use with a view to providing constant access to secure and sovereign connectivity services that meet the Member States’ operational needs; calls for the inclusion of the entire European space sector in its implementation, in particular small and medium size enterprises;

Amendment 74 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6

Amendment 75 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6

Amendment 76 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6

6. Calls for the IRIS² secure connectivity constellation to be swiftly set up, with an appropriate industrial participation across Europe, and made ready for use with a view to providing constant access to secure and sovereign connectivity services that meet the Member States’ operational needs;

Amendment 77 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6 a (new)

6a. Highlights the significant contribution of Copernicus to missions related to Earth observation, including applications related to security; warns of the risk posed by the funding gap of 721M€, resulting from a missing contribution from the United Kingdom to the EU Space Programme; states that this funding gap severely jeopardises the continuity of the Programme; calls on the United Kingdom and the Commission to find a resolution to this funding gap this year, particularly in light of the Windsor agreement;

Amendment 78 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6 a (new)

6a. Calls for the secure, multi-orbital connectivity infrastructure to be developed into a genuinely global service, covering also areas that are poorly covered currently such as the Arctic; calls for ensuring access of public security and defence actors to common satellite services in strategically significant areas to support operation of critical infrastructure, crisis management, and situational awareness;

Amendment 79 #

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Massimiliano SALINI, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6 a (new)

6a. Acknowledges the difficulty of delineating and distinguishing between outer space and cyberspace and that these dimensions are closely linked;

Amendment 8 #

Motion for a resolution
Recital A a (new)

Aa. whereas the EU Space Programme and the Union Secure Connectivity Programme (IRIS2) play an important role in the context of European security and defence and in demonstrating the EU as a credible actor on the international stage;

Amendment 80 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 6 b (new)

6b. Welcomes the Commission proposal to create EU Earth Observation Governmental Service that specifically complies with defence requirements; calls for an indebt feasibility study to guide decision-making to realise such a service, and ensuring sufficient funding for the purpose;

Amendment 81 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7

7. Takes the view that, with a view to maintaining continuity of service if an incident takes place, protective measures should be made more robust by systematically integrating cybersecurity requirements by design and throughout the lifespan of existing components; emphasises the need for constant cooperation with the private sector to further incorporate, and constantly update, cybersecurity measures during their design and protection process, through constant dialogue and exchange of best practices where possible;

Amendment 82 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Petras AUŠTREVIČIUS, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7

7. Takes the view that, with a view to maintaining continuity of service if an incident takes place, protective measures should be made more robust by systematically integrating cybersecurity requirements by design and throughout the lifespan of existing components; calls for a distinction to be made between objects used for civil or military purposes, by design, in order to protect objects whose sole function would be to help people affected by humanitarian crises;

Amendment 83 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7

7. Takes the view that, with a view to maintaining continuity of service if an incident takes place, protective measures should be made more robust by systematically integrating cybersecurity requirements by design and throughout the lifespan of existing components; recalls that, in order to prevent long-term effects of any temporary or permanent degraded access to space, it is necessary to maintain autonomous ground-systems such as inertial navigation systems;

Amendment 84 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7

7. Takes the view that, ~~with a view~~in order to maintain~~ing~~ continuity of service if an incident takes place, satellites must be future-proof and probable attack scenarios must be anticipated during the development stage, protective measures should be made more robust by systematically integrating cybersecurity requirements by design and throughout the lifespan of existing components;

Amendment 85 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7

Amendment 86 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7

7. Takes the view that, ~~with a view to maintaining~~in order for them to ensure continuity of service if an incident takes place, protective measures should be made more robust by systematically integrating cybersecurity requirements by design and throughout the lifespan of existing components;

Amendment 87 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 7 a (new)

7a. Notes that the Union's space capabilities allow it to protect space infrastructure, increase its resilience and improve the contributions made by European space assets to operational defence and security capabilities; is concerned by the real risks posed by the uncontrolled development of new technologies in and from space; calls, to this end, for an assessment and stricter monitoring of the risks of militarisation to be carried out at European level, including in particularly sensitive matters, such as access to space or operations in orbit;

Amendment 88 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8

8. Stresses that capacity for autonomous access to space is an essential element of European space policy; takes the view, therefore, that a special, synergy- based effort must be made to further the long-term production of European launchers and the long-term development of spaceports, furthering the EU’s strategic autonomy in the space domain and reducing dependence on third country launchers; emphasises the importance of the existence of geographical diversified spaceports and launch complexes;

Amendment 89 #

Tomáš ZDECHOVSKÝ, Marian-Jean MARINESCU, Ivan ŠTEFANEC, Peter POLLÁK, Lukas MANDL, Massimiliano SALINI, Miriam LEXMANN, Monika HOHLMEIER

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8

8. Stresses that capacity for autonomous access to space is an essential element of European space policy; takes the view, therefore, that a special, synergy- based effort must be made to f~~urth~~oster the long-term production of European launchers; highlights in addition the need to support the establishment of spaceports on EU territory noting that space assets of government infrastructure shall be launched from the territory of a third country only in exceptional and justified cases;

Amendment 9 #

Ab. whereas the EU space actions demonstrate tangibly an important contribution to the security of EU citizens and beyond, which no individual Member State could do alone;

Amendment 90 #

Nathalie LOISEAU, Klemen GROŠELJ, Javier NART, Dragoş TUDORACHE

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8

8. Stresses that capacity for autonomous access to space is an essential element of European space policy; takes the view, therefore, that a special, synergy- based effort must be made to further the long-term production of European launchers; calls on the Union and the Member States to apply the principle of "European preference" when choosing launchers;

Amendment 91 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8

Amendment 92 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8

Amendment 93 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8

Amendment 94 #

Christophe GRUDLER, Dragoş TUDORACHE, Klemen GROŠELJ

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8

Amendment 95 #

Motion for a resolution
Paragraph 8 a (new)

8a. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to make exclusive use of European launchers, launch from EU territory for their institutional missions, in order to guarantee maximum mission security; is of the opinion that only in case of the unavailability of EU solutions should institutional launches be carried out outside the EU or with non-EU launch services;

Amendment 96 #