2023/2065(INI) Implementation of the EU-Southern African Development Community (SADC) Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA)
Lead committee dossier:
Progress: Procedure completed
| Role | Committee | Rapporteur | Shadows |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lead | INTA |
SCHUSTER Joachim ( S&D)
|
ŁUKACIJEWSKA Elżbieta Katarzyna ( EPP),
RAFAELA Samira ( Renew),
BRICMONT Saskia ( Verts/ALE),
TARCZYŃSKI Dominik ( ECR),
SCHOLZ Helmut ( GUE/NGL)
|
| Committee Opinion | DEVE |
LUCKE Karsten ( S&D)
|
Dominique BILDE ( ID),
Ryszard CZARNECKI ( ECR),
Miguel URBÁN CRESPO ( GUE/NGL),
Pierrette HERZBERGER-FOFANA ( Verts/ALE),
Marlene MORTLER ( PPE)
|
| Committee Opinion | AGRI |
Lead committee dossier:
Legal Basis:
RoP 54
Legal Basis:
RoP 54Subjects
Events
2024/02/29
EP - Text adopted by Parliament, single reading
Documents
2024/02/29
EP - Decision by Parliament
Documents
2024/02/23
EP - Committee report tabled for plenary
Details
The Committee on International Trade adopted the own-initiative report by Joachim SCHUSTER (S&D, DE) on the implementation of the EU-Southern African Development Community (SADC) Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA).
The Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between the European Union (EU) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC), provisionally in force since October 2016, comprises the EU and its Member States, on the one hand, and Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Eswatini (formerly Swaziland), on the other. Its stated objectives include poverty reduction, regional integration, capacity-building and economic growth.
EPA monitoring and review process
The report welcomed the first review process launched in November 2021 after the EPA had been provisionally applied and expects it to be able to demonstrate the link between the EPA and sustainable development. It called on the Commission to work with the SADC partners to advance fair, inclusive and sustainable trade so that the EPA, when implemented effectively, can ensure and contribute to sustainable development in the region.
The Commission is urged in the ex post evaluation of the EU-SADC EPA to analyse thoroughly the impact of the EPA on SDGs, informal and local economies, regional and pan-African integration, economic diversification, the fight against climate change, including the contribution of domestic industries to this effort, and the effective support of Global Gateway and the EU Aid for Trade programme in the context of the EU-SADC EPA.
The report acknowledged that the preparation of the joint monitoring report on the EPA is advancing at a pace slower than anticipated . It also acknowledged the capacity constraints faced by SADC EPA States in this regard.
Members expects that, depending on the outcome of the review, the EPA will be adapted or possibly expanded in complementary agreements in order to consolidate and deepen the partnership between the EU and Southern African countries in response to geopolitical changes and to the challenges of climate change.
Trade balances
Members welcomed the fact that trade relations between the EU and the SADC EPA States have expanded significantly, both at regional and bilateral levels, with the SADC EPA States being able to achieve a trade surplus. They consider that this demonstrates the EPA’s positive contribution to economic development, while the desired positive effects on employment, regional economic cooperation and the diversification and modernisation of the economy have not yet reached their potential and should be pursued as a priority.
The report noted that SADC EPA States mainly export precious stones, articles of wood, transports, mineral products and agricultural products, such as fruits and vegetables, to the EU. However, the report noted that South Africa’s exports to the EU are more diverse and include higher added-value goods.
According to Members, the EPA should support a new trade dynamic between the Parties by means of the progressive asymmetrical liberalisation of trade between them. It can reinforce, broaden and deepen cooperation in all areas relevant to trade and therefore also enhance the partnership between the SADC countries and the EU.
Technical barriers to trade
The Commission and the SADC EPA States are called on to increase cooperation in infrastructure, digital trade and certification, including under the Global Gateway Initiative. The report stressed the importance of prioritising regional transport and infrastructure projects in the region to deepen regional integration and increase intra-trade flows. The SADC EPA States are called on to harmonise the regulations and procedures related to customs and transportation in order to simplify cross-border processes, reduce delays and promote a conducive environment for trade and investment.
Furthermore, the Commission and the SADC EPA States are urged to extend their commitment to creating an enabling environment that supports legal and transparent labour mobility , while safeguarding the rights and dignity of workers.
Economic, social and environmental development
The report concluded that the EPA has not succeeded in deepening regional value chains and those in and between SADC EPA States to any significant extent, but should strengthen the diversification of exports and regional value-added chains, as well as create more resilient supply chains that can adapt to future disruptions of the socio-economic development of the SADC. It underlined the importance of developing regional value chains for the economic resilience of the region and expects the EPA to better contribute to combating the lasting problems of food sovereignty and poverty reduction in the SADC EPA States.
Reiterating that green jobs that can contribute significantly to poverty eradication and social inclusion, both in EU Member States and in the SADC EPA States, Members urged the Commission, the European External Action Service and the EU delegations to facilitate dialogue with the aim of promoting mutual understanding on the impact of EU climate initiatives, such as the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) Regulation and the Deforestation Regulation, and upcoming Union due diligence legislation.
Investment
The report pointed out that green finance and investments need to be significantly scaled up in order to achieve the goals of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement and to advance the transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy in the SADC EPA States. It called for the EU and SADC EPA States to actively explore innovative mechanisms for green finance, including green bonds, climate-focused investment funds and public-private partnerships, leveraging international platforms to attract investments in sustainable and climate-resilient projects.
Raw materials
The report called on the Commission and the SADC EPA States to strengthen cooperation through formal forums, as well as critical raw materials strategic partnerships and implementation roadmaps, in order to ensure a diversified and sustainable supply of key raw materials.
In this regard, Members welcomed the Strategic Partnership with Namibia, which aims to build renewable hydrogen development and critical raw material value chains.
Lastly, the report stressed that the EU’s request to ban export taxes on raw materials has been a long-standing stumbling block in the negotiation process on EPAs, given that export taxes and duties are not prohibited under the WTO regime. It recalled the right of African countries to regulate raw materials in their public interest and called, accordingly, for the EU to refrain from adopting a trade policy that prohibits, as a general rule, developing countries from levying export taxes on raw materials , insofar as this is WTO-compatible.
Documents
2024/01/24
EP - Vote in committee
2023/11/29
EP - Committee opinion
Documents
2023/10/31
EP - Amendments tabled in committee
Documents
2023/10/02
EP - Committee draft report
Documents
2023/05/11
EP - Committee referral announced in Parliament
2023/05/11
EP - LUCKE Karsten (S&D) appointed as rapporteur in DEVE
2023/03/21
EP - SCHUSTER Joachim (S&D) appointed as rapporteur in INTA
Documents
- Text adopted by Parliament, single reading: T9-0121/2024
- Decision by Parliament: T9-0121/2024
- Committee report tabled for plenary: A9-0024/2024
- Committee opinion: PE751.832
- Amendments tabled in committee: PE755.974
- Committee draft report: PE749.066
- Committee draft report: PE749.066
- Amendments tabled in committee: PE755.974
- Committee opinion: PE751.832
- Text adopted by Parliament, single reading: T9-0121/2024
Activities
Votes
A9-0024/2024 – Joachim Schuster – Motion for a resolution (text as a whole) #
2024/02/29 Outcome: +: 397, 0: 89, -: 47
NI
The Left| Amendments | Dossier |
| 166 |
2023/2065(INI)
2023/10/09
DEVE
35 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Welcomes the first ex post evaluation of the EU-Southern African Development Community (SADC) Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA); stresses that the EPA envisages trade and investment contributing to the goal of sustainable development in its economic, social and environmental dimensions; notes, however, that many challenges remain in SADC partner countries in relation to economic diversification, competitiveness, growth, rule of law, poverty reduction, labour rights, land grabbing and environmental protection;
Amendment 10 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Highlights that the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries are rich in natural resources and in most of them their extractive industries extract and export natural resources with little industrial processing; recalls that developing countries see export taxes as a means to move up the value chain, to develop domestic industries and manufacturing capacity, creating jobs and diversifying the economy and exports; however, recalls that SADC EPA countries are allowed to apply export taxes only in “exceptional circumstances”;
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Underlines the financial and technical difficulties that local SMEs experience in fulfilling EU regulations and standards that are required before exporting to the EU market, which may exclude most SMEs from EPA benefits; stresses the need to provide adequate assistance to SMEs to ensure their compliance with EU requirements and access to EU markets, and to raise awareness about the utilization of tariff rate quotas;
Amendment 12 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Stresses that EPA should contribute to enhance competitiveness and sustainable economic growth in SADC EPA States thanks to a fair trade and investment system which takes into account the disparities in the level of development between the EU and its SADC EPA partners;
Amendment 13 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 b (new) 3b. Stresses that the EU request to ban export taxes on raw materials has been a long-lasting stumbling block in the negotiation process on EPAs, considering that export taxes/duties are not prohibited under the WTO regime; recalls the right of African countries to regulate raw materials in their public interest; accordingly, calls on the EU to refrain from adopting a trade policy that prohibits, as a general rule, developing countries from levying export taxes on raw materials, insofar as it is WTO- compatible;
Amendment 14 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4.
Amendment 15 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Underlines the importance of good governance and assistance in building capacity for sustainable development, in particular with regard to establishing sustainable fiscal systems and fighting tax evasion, in order to help unlock fiscal capacity for further economic and social development and to protect the environment; recalls that the EU needs to strongly support the strengthening of institutions and comprehensive capacity- building in the public sector of partner countries;
Amendment 16 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Is concerned, in this regard, that South Africa and Mozambique are on the Financial Action Task Force’s list of jurisdictions under increased monitoring of 23 June 2023, and stresses the need for these countries to step up their financial transparency efforts1 a; _________________ 1 a https://www.fatf- gafi.org/en/publications/High-risk-and- other-monitored-jurisdictions/Increased- monitoring-june-2023.html
Amendment 18 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5.
Amendment 19 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. Stresses that the EPA should contribute to establishing an effective, predictable and transparent regional regulatory framework for trade and investment
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Stresses that since the application of the agreement, trade between the EU and SADC countries has increased significantly, and that 2022 was a record year in which the total value of trade was EUR 63.2 billion, with a 20% share of exports and a 21% share of imports;
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. Stresses that the EPA should contribute to establishing an effective, predictable and transparent regional regulatory framework for trade and investment, provide a sustainable foundation for the implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area and thereby attract private capital, which is indispensable for fostering sustainable long-term development and achieving the goals of the 2030 Agenda;
Amendment 21 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Recalls that the current EPA’s Trade Sustainability Development (TSD) Chapter has a limited scope of binding commitments and provisions on dialogue with civil society; believes that EPAs should systematically integrate a mandatory and enforceable sustainable development chapter which reflect the highest labour & environmental standards to achieve the goals of the 2030 Agenda, which entails e.g. the inclusion of strong sustainability commitments related to the Paris Climate Agreement; the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework; international core labour standards and gender equality and women’s empowerment; in particular, recalls that, to be effective, TSD chapter should be covered by the dispute settlement mechanism; welcomes the integration of a TSD chapter in the remit of the EU EPA with Kenya; urges the Commission to build upon it and to strive for the strengthening of the EPA’s TSD Chapter in the ongoing review process of the SADC EPA;
Amendment 22 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Recalls the importance of allowing exceptions to the National Treatment principle and the obligation to eliminate export taxes in order to promote and protect infant industries that are key to diversifying the economies of partner countries, thereby boosting their development, in line with Article XVII: C) and Article XXIV of the GATT.
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Points out that, despite increasing trade and investment flows, political issues and trade irritants are disrupting multilateral trade negotiations; stresses that some SADC countries oppose liberalisation, minimise the role of the private sector or have strong diplomatic ties with Russia;
Amendment 24 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. Highlights the importance of broadly, systematically and meaningfully involving local and regional civil society in the EPA’s implementation and the ex post evaluations thereof
Amendment 25 #
6. Highlights the importance of broadly, systematically and meaningfully involving development partners and local and regional civil society in the EPA’s implementation and the ex post evaluations thereof
Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. Highlights the importance of broadly, systematically and meaningfully involving local and regional civil society, academia, trade unions and private sector representatives in the EPA’s implementation and the ex post evaluations thereof
Amendment 27 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. Highlights the importance of
Amendment 28 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. Underlines that while EPAs can provide significant advantages for ACP countries, they also come with their own set of challenges and drawbacks; insists therefore that policymakers carefully consider these factors and work to ensure that EPAs are implemented in a way that maximizes benefits for all parties involved;
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Highlights the importance of development cooperation and technical and financial assistance as essential factors for the achievement of the objectives of the Agreement and for a beneficial cooperation between the Parties;
Amendment 30 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. Recalls that all the Parties should always act on the basis of the principles of solidarity and mutual interest in order to enhance a fruitful collaboration to fulfil their commitments and obligations and to facilitate the capacity of the SADC EPA States to continue to implement the Agreement;
Amendment 31 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 b (new) 6b. Recalls that implementing EPAs can be challenging for smaller ACP countries that lack the resources and infrastructure; calls on the EU and its members states to assist their partner developing countries in a way that they can fully take advantage of the opportunities presented by EPAs;
Amendment 32 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 b (new) 6b. Recalls the need to commit to international standards and agreements in light of an efficient international cooperation;
Amendment 33 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 c (new) 6c. Underlines the importance of the EU’s commitment to multilateral co- operation, and securing Europe’s own trade interests while at the same time addressing some of the key interests of ACP states – particularly with regard to regional integration;
Amendment 34 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 d (new) 6d. Recalls the two-pillar solution for addressing the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation and globalisation of the economy, as agreed by the members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting;
Amendment 35 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 e (new) 6e. Calls on the EU and its Member States to ensure that the agreed global minimum corporate tax rate of 15% for Multinational Enterprises is effectively applied; underlines that this minimum tax is estimated to generate around USD 150 billion in additional global tax revenues annually.
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Points out that regional and sub- regional integration features prominently in the EPA as they represent a powerful instrument to achieve the objectives of the treaty; stresses that regional and sub- regional integration
Amendment 5 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Points out that regional integration features prominently in the EPA; stresses that regional integration is essential to
Amendment 6 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 7 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Points out that the EPA should contribute to diversify
Amendment 9 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Points out that the EPA should contribute to diversifying value chains in SADC countries and their economies, which necessitates fair and pro- development global trade rule, creating added value and jobs locally and thereby helping to reduce and eventually eradicate hunger and poverty in a sustainable manner;
source: 754.660
2023/10/31
INTA
123 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Motion for a resolution Citation 7 a (new) – having regard to the Commission communication of 5 March 2020 entitled ‘A Union of Equality: Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025’ (COM(2020) 152 final),
Amendment 10 #
Motion for a resolution Recital C a (new) Ca. whereas, despite European promises of cooperation in the energy sector, too few viable projects are being carried out, which also explains the dramatic increase in the length of power cuts in South Africa;
Amendment 100 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 c (new) 15 c. Welcomes the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) between South Africa, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States of America and the European Union; notes that the climate-neutral transformation of energy systems will require extensive public investment; is concerned by the fact that the promised 8.5 billion US Dollars for the JETP represent just a fraction of the estimated 98 billion US dollars required to finance South Africa's just energy transition; points out the need to create greater transparency about the funded projects; calls for the active involvement of the social partners and other civil society actors; considers an expansion of funding and, in the process, an increase in grants to finance individual projects to be necessary as the possibilities for South Africa to borrow are limited in view of rising interest rates;
Amendment 101 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 c (new) 15 c. Calls upon the Commission to actively promote and encourage participation in capacity-building programs and regional initiatives aimed at strengthening investment and export capacity while fostering a more SME- friendly market environment;
Amendment 102 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 d (new) 15 d. Welcomes the introduction of EU programs such as SIBE Programme aimed at improving the business and investment climate in SADC states; calls in this respect for more funding to be envisaged in the next financial period so as to boost more the growth and development of private sector as well as to create job opportunities for the local population reducing poverty;
Amendment 103 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 d (new) 15 d. Calls on the Commission to better coordinate individual national export credit agencies of EU Member States in order to align with priorities of the European Green Deal;
Amendment 104 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 e (new) Amendment 105 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 16. Stresses that a transparent and predictable legal and fiscal framework will help promote regional integration and attract foreign direct investment; calls on the Commission and the EU Member States to support the call by the UN Africa Group to negotiate a comprehensive UN Convention Tax to close international loopholes to dodge tax and to collect fiscal income to finance public services and fight inequality and climate change;
Amendment 106 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 a (new) 16 a. Considers the EU-Angola Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement (SIFA) to be an important approach to encourage investment in the expansion of regional value chains and the diversification of the economy in Angola; believes that agreements such as the SIFA can provide a legal and organisational framework for investment partnerships; welcomes the fact that the SIFA includes important aspects of the practical implementation of investments - such as transparency and predictability of investments, streamlining of approval procedures, establishment for focal points of interested investors, procedures for dispute avoidance and resolution; stresses that the SIFA rightfully does not include provisions on investment protection; calls on the SADC EPA member states to consider whether a Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement should complement the EPA; calls on the SADC EPA Member States to enter into negotiations on this issue, if necessary;
Amendment 107 #
Motion for a resolution Subheading 9 a (new) Amendment 108 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 17. Calls on the Commission and the SADC EPA States to strengthen cooperation through formal forums as well as critical raw materials strategic partnerships and implementation roadmaps, in order to ensure a diversified and sustainable supply of key raw materials for the green and digital transformation, improve recycling of natural resources and
Amendment 109 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 17. Calls on the Commission and the SADC EPA States to strengthen cooperation through formal forums in order
Amendment 11 #
Motion for a resolution Recital C a (new) C a. whereas the Post-Cotonou Agreement will become the new overarching framework for all the Economic Partnership Agreements, including the one with SADC, as well as a key reference for future reviews of these agreements;
Amendment 110 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 17. Calls on the Commission and the SADC EPA States to strengthen cooperation through formal forums in order to ensure a diversified and sustainable supply of key raw materials for the green
Amendment 111 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 17. Calls on the Commission and the SADC EPA States to strengthen cooperation through formal forums in order to ensure a diversified and sustainable supply of key raw materials for the green and digital transformation, improve recycling of natural resources and promote responsible mining practices and benefit sharing along the entire supply and production chain; calls for the continuous and broad participation of all relevant stakeholders;
Amendment 112 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 a (new) 17a. Calls for more robust regulatory mechanisms to tackle more effectively the excesses linked to speculation and variations in the prices of products from the extractive industries, with a view to enhancing predictability, sustainability and the distribution of the value added across the production and supply chain;
Amendment 113 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 a (new) 17 a. Welcomes the Strategic Partnership with Namibia, which aims to build renewable hydrogen development and critical raw material value chains; recalls the need of developing necessary infrastructure, such as renewable energy facilities, transportation networks, and research centres, to facilitate the production and distribution of renewable hydrogen;
Amendment 114 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 b (new) 17 b. Emphasizes the substantial economic and climate policy opportunities presented by the collaborative initiative involving two private companies and the Namibian state, known as 'Hyphen Hydrogen Energy,' aimed at producing green hydrogen in Namibia; anticipates that this venture not only has the potential to fulfil Namibia's hydrogen needs but can also cater to the demands of other Southern African states and EU Member States; expects the project to align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in its scale and implementation;
Amendment 115 #
Motion for a resolution Subheading 11 a (new) Calls in this context for the establishment of knowledge-sharing platforms and research networks to facilitate the exchange of best practices, experience and innovative solutions between Member States; considers it useful to extend technological cooperation to other fields;
Amendment 116 #
Motion for a resolution Subheading 10 a (new) Review 17a. Calls on the parties to review the SADC EPA in order to introduce strong provisions on trade and gender equality, sustainable development, climate change, and the rights of indigenous peoples, among others, similar to the EU-Angola SIFA, the EU-Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement, and other EU agreements, and in line with the Commission’s Gender Equality Strategy 2020-2025 and the European Green Deal; Recalls that the present agreement primarily focuses on trade in goods and does not address trade in services, investment, or other issues such as intellectual property rights, competition, and public procurement; invites the parties to consider these issues in the future reviews, since there is a provision for negotiating on these matters in the future;
Amendment 118 #
Motion for a resolution Subheading 10 b (new) Calls on the Commission to prioritise gender issues in the context of the implementation of the EPA, for example by organising workshops on gender equality between, inter alia, women rights organisations in the EU and in SADC countries, by raising the awareness of domestic authorities and companies as to the untapped economic potential stemming from discrimination against women and by helping them identify the political, economic and social drivers that hamper African women’s advancement and proposes policies and concrete actions to close the gender gap;
Amendment 119 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes that the initial EU policy in connection with the demand by, inter alia, India and South Africa for
Amendment 12 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D D. whereas the full participation of
Amendment 120 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes th
Amendment 121 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes that the initial EU policy in connection with the demand by, inter alia, India and South Africa for the removal of patent protection for COVID vaccines has led to considerable disagreement with South Africa; stresses that this form of cooperation does not meet the requirements of an equal partnership; calls for the EU and its Member States to work towards an agreement to extend the waiver to therapeutics and diagnostics; calls for stronger equal cooperation with the SADC EPA States;
Amendment 122 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes that the initial EU policy in connection with the demand by, inter alia, India and South Africa for the removal of patent protection for COVID vaccines has led to considerable disagreement with South Africa; stresses that this form of cooperation does not meet the requirements of
Amendment 123 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 a (new) 18 a. Welcomes the efforts made within the EU-South Africa Strategic Partnership to build a vaccine production infrastructure, stresses that these must contain the production of Covid-19 vaccines;
Amendment 13 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D a (new) Amendment 14 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D b (new) D b. whereas special and differentiated treatment is a founding principle of the WTO and the Policy Coherence for Development principle should guide our trade relations with developing countries;
Amendment 15 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D c (new) D c. whereas gender inequality costs sub-Saharan Africa on average six percent of the region’s yearly GDP, jeopardising the continent’s efforts for inclusive human development and economic growth; whereas a 1 percent increase in gender inequality reduces a country’s human development index by 0.75 percent;
Amendment 16 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E a (new) E a. whereas intra-trade account for 23% of SADC States total trade; whereas intra-SADC trade patterns differs from EU-SADC bilateral trade; whereas overall, there is no improvement in diversification and the share of manufacturing in the GDP remains weak;
Amendment 17 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E a (new) E a. whereas the SADC EPA states are facing challenges such as deep inequalities and a heavy dependence on exports of unprocessed raw materials and agricultural products;
Amendment 18 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E b (new) Amendment 19 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F a (new) F a. whereas developing countries face a gap of USD 2,5 trillion in annual financing to achieve the SDGs by 2030; whereas FDI is an instrument for financing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the corresponding SDGs; whereas such capital can support job creation and social and environmental improvements as set out in the SDGs; whereas the aim of attracting investment should go hand in hand with the acknowledgement, in the context of IIAs, that the parties to these agreements should seek to improve their levels of environmental or labour protection, and not weaken or reduce them;
Amendment 2 #
Motion for a resolution Citation 9 a (new) – having regard to the EU-Angola Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement (SIFA),
Amendment 20 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F a (new) F a. whereas the objective of the SADC Industrialisation Strategy and Roadmap 2015–2063 is to develop and participate in regional and global value chains;
Amendment 21 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F b (new) F b. whereas transport and digital infrastructure is needed to develop regional value chains and increasingly integrate SADC states into global value chains;
Amendment 22 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F c (new) F c. whereas the crucial elements for successful participation in the value chain are financing, skills, technology, infrastructure and logistics;
Amendment 23 #
Motion for a resolution Recital G a (new) G a. whereas the consequences of the measures taken to prevent the spread of Covid-19 have significantly affected the livelihoods of populations, particularly in the states of Eswatini and Lesotho, which depend on the South African Labour and Border Crossing;
Amendment 24 #
Motion for a resolution Recital G b (new) G b. whereas commodity price volatility during the Covid-19 pandemic caused economic damage to SADC EPA countries dependent on the tax revenues from extractive industries;
Amendment 25 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H a (new) H a. whereas diversified economies would make the SADC EPA States more resilient to external shocks;
Amendment 26 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 1. Welcomes the first review process launched in November 2021 after the EPA had been provisionally applied since 2016 and expects it to be able to demonstrate the link between the EPA and sustainable development; urges the consultant in charge of the ex post evaluation of the SADC EPA to analyse thoroughly the impact of the EPA on SDGs, informal and local economies, regional and pan- African integration, economic diversification, the fight against climate change, including the contribution of domestic industries to this effort, and the effective support of Global Gateway and the EU Aid for Trade programme;
Amendment 27 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 1. Welcomes the first review process launched in November 2021 after the EPA had been provisionally applied since 2016 and expects it to be able to demonstrate the link between the EPA and sustainable development; notes that the EPA, when implemented effectively, can ensure and contribute to sustainable development in the region;
Amendment 28 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 1. Welcomes the first review process launched in November 2021 after the EPA had been provisionally applied since 2016 and expects it to be able to demonstrate the link between the EPA and sustainable
Amendment 29 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 a (new) 1 a. Reiterates the European Parliament’s position on the importance of the involvement of civil society in the implementation and monitoring of the EPA;
Amendment 3 #
Motion for a resolution Citation 9 b (new) – having regard to the EU-Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement,
Amendment 30 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 2. Acknowledges that the preparation of the joint monitoring report on the EPA is advancing at a pace slower than anticipated; acknowledges the capacity constraints faced by SADC EPA States in this regard; recalls that, pursuant to the new TSD approach, civil society organisations should be involved in this stocktaking exercice and encouraged to make proposals to maximize the effectiveness of the EPA and that the EPA should be modernized to establish a Domestic Advisory Group which has become a common practice in other EPAs;
Amendment 31 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 a (new) 2 a. Regrets that limited civil society involvement during the EPA implementation is observed; emphasizes, in this regard, the imperative of actively promoting civil society participation; notes that the active participation of civil society organizations and stakeholders, including women's groups and students' organisations, in the monitoring and evaluation process can provide valuable insights and feedback on the agreement's impact on women and young people;
Amendment 32 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 b (new) 2 b. Advocates for more structured participation of civil society and advocates that it be given a monitoring role with regard to the concrete implementation of all sustainability aspects in the EU-SADC EPA; urges SADC countries to comply with the commitments agreed under the EPA to engage civil society actors;
Amendment 33 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 c (new) 2 c. Recognizes that flexible transitional arrangements are needed for SADC EPA countries to comply with the TSD requirements in the EPA and other international commitments;
Amendment 34 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 d (new) 2 d. Expects that, depending on the outcome of the review, the EPA will be adapted or possibly expanded in complementary agreements in order to consolidate and deepen the partnership between the EU and South African countries in response to geopolitical changes and to the challenges of climate change;
Amendment 35 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 d (new) 2 d. Welcomes the accession plans of Angola to enter the EU-SADC EPA; recalls that according the own impact assessment of the Commission, Angola faces capacity issues in order to implement the EPA effectively; calls on the Commission to assist Angola in capacity building;
Amendment 36 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 e (new) 2 e. Welcomes the decarbonisation aspirations of Angola, a country that has been heavily relying on its extractive industries;
Amendment 37 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 f (new) 2 f. Welcomes that within the framework of the EU-Angola SIFA, fiscal capacity building measures are being envisaged;
Amendment 38 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Welcomes the fact that trade relations between the EU and the SADC EPA States have expanded significantly with the SADC EPA States being able to achieve a trade surplus; considers that this demonstrates the EPA’s positive contribution to economic development
Amendment 39 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Welcomes the fact that trade relations between the EU and the SADC EPA States have expanded significantly with the SADC EPA States being able to
Amendment 4 #
Motion for a resolution Citation 19 a (new) – having regard to the UNCTAD 2021 publication 'Transforming Southern Africa: Harnessing Regional Value Chains and Industrial Policy for Development',
Amendment 40 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Welcomes the fact that trade relations between the EU and the SADC EPA States have expanded significantly with the SADC EPA States being able to achieve a trade surplus; considers that this demonstrates the EPA’s positive contribution to economic development; notes that, with the exception of South Africa, the bulk of SADC EPA States’ exports to the EU involve unprocessed agricultural products
Amendment 41 #
3 a. Welcomes the Commission’s plans to extend the EPA soon to include the accession of Angola, hopes in this respect that the negotiation process will commence without further delay;
Amendment 42 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 a (new) 3 a. Emphasises that with the exception of South Africa, SADC EPA states primarily trade within the region; stresses the importance of strengthening regional value chains;
Amendment 43 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 b (new) Amendment 45 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 4.
Amendment 46 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 4. Notes that regional integration is hampered by long waiting times at border crossings, high border costs and inadequate cross-border connectivity; calls on the Commission and the SADC EPA States to increase cooperation in infrastructure, digital trade and certification, including under the Global Gateway Initiative;
Amendment 47 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 a (new) 4 a. Recalls the need to promote efficient cross-border infrastructure development, harmonizing regulations, and strengthening cooperation among member states to create an interconnected SADC region;
Amendment 48 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 b (new) Amendment 49 #
Motion for a resolution Subheading 3 a (new) Calls on the EU and SADC EPA states to work towards the development of high- quality digital infrastructure, including broadband networks and digital platforms, to enhance connectivity, promote e-commerce, and facilitate the exchange of information and services across borders;
Amendment 5 #
Motion for a resolution Recital A A. whereas the coronavirus pandemic, the war of aggression against Ukraine and the economic consequences thereof, as well as the current geopolitical
Amendment 50 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 c (new) 4 c. Stresses the necessity of formalizing cross-border work arrangements to promote decent work, protect workers' rights, and ensure social and economic development in the region; recognizes the specific challenges faced by women particularly in the context of cross-border work, including gender based violence and corruption;
Amendment 51 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 d (new) 4 d. Urges the Commission and SADC EPA states to extent their commitment to creating an enabling environment that supports legal and transparent labour mobility while safeguarding the rights and dignity of workers;
Amendment 52 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5.
Amendment 53 #
5.
Amendment 54 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that no agreement has yet been reached on diagonal cumulation; recalls that the introduction of flexible rules of origin (RoO) is essential for achieving regional integration objectives; stresses that rules of origin must promote the objectives of the African Continental Free Trade Area; recalls that the EPA should demonstrate that it supports the further development of the AfCFTA;
Amendment 55 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5.
Amendment 56 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 a (new) 5 a. Calls on the Commission and the secretariat of the African Union to carry out by the end of 2024 a study examining the discrepancies among the RoO agreed upon across the various EPAs, their potential detrimental impact on the pan- African economic integration, and their cost-benefit for African private sector, especially SMEs, and propose recommendations on how RoO could be harmonised;
Amendment 57 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 6 6. Notes that
Amendment 58 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 6 6. Notes that trade irritants have occurred in relation to sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, in particular for poultry and citrus fruits; calls on the Commission and the SADC EPA States to use the forums and cooperation mechanisms agreed under the EPA to address changes in regulations and problems related to SPS measures at an early stage and in a cooperative atmosphere so that appropriate action can be taken in a timely manner; expects meaningful reports to the EP in the framework of the review, in which it is conclusively demonstrated that SPS requirements are not hidden protectionist measures;
Amendment 59 #
Motion for a resolution Subheading 6 a (new) Highlights the importance of technology transfers in the region; welcomes, in this regard, the six proposals tabled by South Africa with the African Group in the World Trade Organisation and calls on the Commission to support technology transfers being put on the agenda of the 13th WTO Ministerial Conference;
Amendment 6 #
Motion for a resolution Recital A A. whereas geopolitical changes have led to Africa’s repositioning and the countries of the Global South having a more self-determined role on the world stage
Amendment 60 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 8. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to step up their efforts in technical assistance; calls on the Commission to significantly expand its communication and cooperation with SADC EPA States and to provide them and, when appropriate, their companies and civil society organisations with timely support in implementing upcoming EU projects and fulfilling other international commitments like the Multilateral Environmental Agreements, the ILO Conventions and the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights;
Amendment 61 #
Motion for a resolution Subheading 7 Amendment 62 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 9. Concludes that the EPA has not succeeded in deepening regional value chains in and between SADC EPA States to any significant extent; does not consider the EPA to have substantially contributed to the promotion of food sovereignty and poverty reduction in the SADC EPA States; recalls that the objective of EPAs is to create positive effects on economic development and regional integration;
Amendment 63 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 9. Concludes that the EPA has not succeeded in deepening regional value chains in and between SADC EPA States to any significant extent; underlines the importance of developing regional value chains for the economic resilience of the region; does not consider
Amendment 64 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 9. Concludes that the EPA has not succeeded in deepening regional value chains in and between SADC EPA States to any significant extent;
Amendment 65 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 9. Concludes that the EPA has not succeeded in deepening regional value chains in and between SADC EPA States to any significant extent; does not consider the EPA to have substantially contributed to the promotion of food sovereignty and poverty reduction in the SADC EPA States; concludes that the EPA has not contributed to the advancement of sustainable development;
Amendment 66 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 9.
Amendment 67 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 a (new) 9 a. calls on the Commission to inform SADC EPA States about the existing and pending due diligence initiatives taken in the EU and to support economic operators and competent authorities to prepare for compliance and offer them a space of dialogue on implementation issues;
Amendment 68 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 a (new) 9 a. Underlines the wish to leave sufficient policy space for SADC EPA States to create local added value; believes that the EU should actively support the SADC EPA States in their efforts to move up the value chain;
Amendment 69 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 a (new) 9 a. Stresses that effective management of regional specialisation is essential to maximise the potential of regional value chains and requires cooperative governance structures and policies;
Amendment 7 #
Motion for a resolution Recital A a (new) A a. whereas the EU-SADC EPA is an enabler for sustainable growth and regional integration; whereas since the signature of the agreement in 2016, trade flows between the EU and SADC EPA countries have increased considerably, both at regional and bilateral levels;
Amendment 70 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 b (new) 9 b. Underscores the critical importance of the service value chain in driving economic growth, fostering innovation, and enhancing regional cooperation within the SADC region; highlights the potential in the service sectors in the SADC region which include financial services, tourism and telecommunications;
Amendment 71 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 c (new) 9 c. Acknowledges the vital role of women in the economic development of the SADC region and the importance of creating an enabling environment that safeguards their rights;
Amendment 72 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 d (new) 9 d. Underscores the importance of investing in education and skills development tailored to decarbonisation efforts while addressing the challenges of the just transition;
Amendment 73 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 e (new) Amendment 75 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 10 a (new) 10 a. calls on the Commission to ensure that developing countries can fully exercise their rights under the WTO special and differential treatment provisions, most notably to ensure their food security; calls upon the Commission to update the 2009 communication on fair trade;
Amendment 76 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 10 a (new) Amendment 77 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 11. Welcomes the efforts of the SADC EPA States and the Commission to establish closer cooperation on resilient food systems and food sovereignty within the review process; considers that the cooperation is an opportunity to push forward the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas and agriculture-oriented ILO Conventions like C129 on labour inspection in agriculture, C010 on minimum age in agriculture, C011 on the right of association in agriculture; recalls the fact that agroecology’s capacity to reconcile the economic, environmental and social dimensions of sustainability has been recognised in landmark reports from the IPCC and IPBES, as well as the World Bank and FAO-led global agricultural assessment (IAASTD);
Amendment 78 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 11. Welcomes the efforts of the SADC EPA States and the Commission to establish closer cooperation on resilient food systems and food s
Amendment 79 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 a (new) 11 a. Stresses the need for efforts in building climate-resilient value chains within the agro-industry and the development of drought-resistant crop varieties and climate-adapted processing techniques;
Amendment 8 #
Motion for a resolution Recital B B. whereas the association of important countries of the Global South in the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) alliance, which is to be expanded by six more countries from 2024 following the decision of the BRICS summit in August 2023, underscores the importance of maintaining cooperation with Global South nations on equal and equitable terms; whereas the interest of Egypt, Ethiopia and other African countries in joining BRICS must also be seen as a response to developments that have characterised the steady decline in Africa’s share of world trade over the last 50 years;
Amendment 80 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 b (new) 11 b. Emphasises that access to clean water and sanitation facilities is fundamental to agricultural sustainability; stresses the need for comprehensive water management strategies; emphasizes that the lack of access to clean water and sanitation in the SADC region is an obstacle to sustainable development;
Amendment 81 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 c (new) 11 c. Calls for regional agro-processing initiatives to be carried out and shared among SADC Member States to promote knowledge exchange and sharing of best practices; calls for the monitoring of progress of regional value chains in agricultural processing;
Amendment 82 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12. Stresses that there is an urgent need to undertake far-reaching joint efforts towards decarbonisation and to support this with substantial funding, as well as to carry out far-reaching technology transfers; takes the view that new energy partnerships with partner countries in the SADC region for the production of green hydrogen must include binding agreements on the structure and time- bound action targets of priority supply for the region and on employment and environmental policy standards in line with international agreements as important criteria for catching up in terms of economic self-development, rather than being primarily focused on the implementation of the Green Deal in Europe;
Amendment 83 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12. Stresses that there is an urgent need to undertake far-reaching joint efforts towards decarbonisation; emphasizes the significance of joint collaboration in promoting sustainable development, combating climate change, while fostering economic growth;
Amendment 84 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 a (new) Amendment 85 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 a (new) 12 a. Urges the Commission to enhance dialogue and foster mutual understanding through the collaboration of EU delegations with the European Parliament, with the objective of promoting EU climate initiatives, such as the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) legislation and the Deforestation Regulation; it is crucial to emphasize to SADC states that these measures are not driven by EU protectionism, but rather reflect our international commitments in terms of climate action and sustainable development; encourages the Commission to take action to assist the SADC EPA countries in meeting EU environmental policy requirements;
Amendment 86 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 13 a (new) 13 a. Calls on the EU and its Member States to intensify their efforts at international fora, including the World Trade Organization (WTO), to advocate for increased international climate financing;
Amendment 87 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 13 b (new) 13 b. Calls on the EU and SADC Member States to actively explore innovative mechanisms for green finance, including green bonds, climate-focused investment funds, and public-private partnerships, leveraging international platforms to attract investments for sustainable and climate-resilient projects;
Amendment 88 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 13 c (new) 13 c. Calls on the EU to leverage its influence in obtaining improved financing practices from institutions like the World Bank and enhancing the IMF's role in debt relief measures; further urges the EU and SADC Member States to jointly explore innovative financing possibilities like securing loans similar to the EU's internal recovery fund and subsequently allocating them under appropriate conditions to finance public infrastructure in crucial areas such as energy, water supply, waste disposal, and recycling; calls on the EU and its Member States to use their influence to explore new approaches such as debt relief measures that unlock finance for climate adaptation;
Amendment 89 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 14 14. Notes that the investment stock of EU Member States in the SADC EPA States remains significantly higher than that of the United States or China; emphasizes, in this respect the need for proactive measures to further attract increased investments, notably in strategic and innovative sectors, which can lead to higher-quality outcomes and foster more sustainable development which could result in long term benefits both for the SADC EPA countries and the EU;
Amendment 9 #
Motion for a resolution Recital C C. whereas South Africa plays a prominent role as a bridge-builder between the European Union and the African continent and as a partner in addressing global challenges; whereas the European Union and Germany have committed to helping South Africa phase out the use of fossil fuels for electricity production and in households following its agreement to ambitious climate goals;
Amendment 90 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 14 a (new) 14a. Stresses that Global Gateway investments should primarily be aimed at meeting infrastructure needs in southern Africa; underlines the importance of involving local companies wherever possible in the implementation process to keep invested funds in the region, boost employment and facilitate the transfer of skills;
Amendment 91 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 15.
Amendment 92 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 15. Considers that there is an urgent need to increase sustainable investment in the SADC region and expects investment areas to be identified that appear particularly suitable for investment partnerships between the EU and the SADC EPA States; calls for a better
Amendment 93 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 15. Considers that there is an urgent need to increase sustainable investment in the SADC region and expects investment areas to be identified that appear particularly suitable for investment partnerships between the EU and the SADC EPA States; calls for a better coordinated Team Europe approach in identifying and implementing suitable measures to increase investment; emphasises that creating decent jobs must be a key factor for supporting investment in the SADC region;
Amendment 94 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 a (new) 15 a. Calls on the EU to channel Global Gateway funds into the development of critical infrastructure, including transportation networks, energy systems, water supply, and digital connectivity, enhancing regional integration and economic competitiveness; further calls for Global Gateway funds for training and capacity building programs aimed at enhancing the skills and expertise of the workforce in SADC member states, fostering entrepreneurship, and promoting employment opportunities, particularly among youth and women; stresses the need for more transparency on the investments foreseen for SADC countries under Global Gateway; believes that Global Gateway funds should be increased and that the share of grants for equally necessary public investments must be increased;
Amendment 95 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 a (new) 15 a. Stresses that the EU’s investment policy should help developing countries, notably African countries, to attract FDI and to reduce the funding gap to achieve the SDGs; recalls its demand to the Commission to further analyse the effectiveness of non-regression articles (such as Article 9.3 of the EPA), in particular in developing countries, to ensure that tax policy and development finance are aligned to support a ‘race to the top’; calls on the Commission and the SADC States to agree upon a separate binding and enforceable international instrument, enabling robust domestic frameworks for human rights and environmental due diligence to expand investor obligations and their enforcement;
Amendment 96 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 a (new) 15 a. Underlines the significance of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the economic development of SADC states, recognizing their potential and role; reiterates the need to raise awareness on the benefits and opportunities of the agreement, in particular for SMEs;
Amendment 97 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 b (new) 15 b. Notes that Angola and the European Commission have concluded negotiations on a Sustainable Investment Facilitation Agreement (SIFA); considers that if Angola joins the SADC and a separate binding and enforceable international instrument between the EU and SADC states is agreed, the EU- Angola SIFA should be adapted accordingly;
Amendment 98 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 b (new) 15 b. Calls on the Commission and Member States to ensure that when selecting and supporting Global Gateway projects, social dialogue needs to be an integral part of the institutional framework for policy-making and implementation at all levels;
Amendment 99 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 b (new) 15 b. Emphasizes the importance of proactive involvement by private sector enterprises in the implementation and monitoring of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA);
source: 755.974
2023/11/21
DEVE
8 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Points out that regional and sub- regional integration features prominently in the E
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Points out that regional and sub- regional integration features prominently in the E
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5.
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5.
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. Highlights the importance of broadly, systematically and meaningfully involving development partners, local and regional civil society, academia, trade unions and private sector representatives in the EPA’s implementation, monitoring and the ex post evaluations thereof
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. Highlights the importance of broadly, systematically and meaningfully involving development partners, local and regional civil society, academia, trade unions and private sector representatives in the EPA’s implementation, monitoring and the ex post evaluations thereof
source: 755.983
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