Procedure completed
2015/2103(INL) Civil law rules on robotics
Lead committee dossier: JURI/8/03463
Legal Basis RoP 046
| Role | Committee | Rapporteur | Shadows |
|---|---|---|---|
| Opinion | EMPL | KÓSA Ádám (EPP) | |
| Opinion | ENVI | BUŞOI Cristian-Silviu (EPP) | |
| Opinion | IMCO | CHARANZOVÁ Dita (ALDE) | |
| Opinion | ITRE | KALLAS Kaja (ALDE) | |
| Lead | JURI | DELVAUX Mady (S&D) | COMODINI CACHIA Therese (EPP), DZHAMBAZKI Angel (ECR), CAVADA Jean-Marie (ALDE), MAŠTÁLKA Jiří (GUE/NGL), ANDERSSON Max (Verts/ALE), FERRARA Laura (EFD) |
| Opinion | LIBE | BONI Michał (EPP) | |
| Opinion | TRAN | MAYER Georg (ENF) |
Legal Basis RoP 046
Subjects
Activites
- 2017/02/16 Decision by Parliament, 1st reading/single reading
- 2017/02/15 Debate in Parliament
-
2017/01/27
Committee report tabled for plenary, single reading
-
A8-0005/2017
summary
The Committee on Legal Affairs adopted the report by Mady DELVAUX (S&D, LU) with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (Initiative – Rule 46 of the Rules of Procedure). The Committee on Transport and Tourism as well as the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, exercising their prerogatives as associated committees in accordance with Article 54 of the Rules of Procedure, also gave their opinions on the report. More and more appliances are now able to operate interactively and autonomously to some extent. Examples include self-driving cars and autonomous weapons. Artificial intelligence and robotics are advancing at an accelerating pace and legislation needs to be updated in line with a changing world. Now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence ("AI") seem to be poised to unleash a new industrial revolution, which is likely to leave no stratum of society untouched. The development of robotics and artificial intelligence raises legal and ethical issues which require a prompt intervention at EU level. Members called on the Commission to submit, on the basis of Article 114 TFEU, a proposal for a directive on civil law rules on robotics, following the detailed recommendations: Common Union definitions: Members called on the Commission to propose common Union definitions of cyber physical systems, autonomous systems, smart autonomous robots and their subcategories. Registration of smart robots: Members considered that a comprehensive Union system of registration of advanced robots should be introduced within the Union’s internal market. The Commission is called upon to establish criteria for the classification of robots that would need to be registered. They also considered it essential, in the development of robotics and AI, to guarantee that humans have control over intelligent machines at all times and that special attention should be paid to the possible development of an emotional connection between humans and robots ‒ particularly in vulnerable groups (children, the elderly and people with disabilities). In order to avoid fragmentation in the internal market, the report noted that testing, certification and market approval should only be required in a single Member State and that this approach should be accompanied by effective market surveillance. Research and innovation: welcoming the fact that more and more research projects are being funded by the Member States and the Union, Members called on the Commission and the Member States to strengthen financial instruments for research projects in robotics and ICT. The EU already supports robotics projects through the SPARC programme which funds innovation in robotics by European companies and research institutions. However, increased support for this particular programme is called for. Ethical principles: Members stressed that the existing Union legal framework should be updated and complemented, where appropriate, by guiding ethical principles in line with the complexity of robotics and its many social, medical and bioethical implications. A clear, strict and efficient guiding ethical framework for the development, design, production, use and modification of robots is needed to complement the existing national and Union acquis. They proposed, in the annex to the resolution, a framework in the form of a charter consisting of a code of conduct for robotics engineers, of a code for research ethics committees when reviewing robotics protocols and of model licences for designers and users. The report suggested that advanced robots should be equipped with a ‘black box’ which records data on every transaction carried out by the machine, including the logic that contributed to its decisions. A European Agency for robotics and artificial intelligence: Members stressed that enhanced cooperation between the Member States and the Commission is necessary in order to guarantee coherent cross-border rules in the Union. This Agency should provide the technical, ethical and regulatory expertise needed to support the relevant public actors, at both Union and Member State level. The Agency should be provided with a proper budget and staffing. Intellectual property rights: Members emphasised that the protection of networks of interconnected robots and artificial intelligence has to be ensured to prevent potential security breaches. A high level of security and protection of personal data together with due regard for privacy in communication between humans, robots and AI are fundamental. The Commission and the Member States are urged to ensure that civil law regulations in the robotics sector are consistent with Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation). Liability: civil liability for damage caused by robots is a crucial issue which also needs to be analysed and addressed at Union level. In this regard, the Commission is asked to submit a proposal for a legislative instrument on legal questions related to the development and use of robotics and artificial intelligence foreseeable in the next 10 to 15 years, combined with non-legislative instruments such as guidelines and codes of conduct. Members made a further series of recommendations on autonomous vehicles (the automotive sector is in most urgent need of efficient Union and global rules), drones, medical robots and human repair. They also called on the Commission to provide significant support for the development of digital abilities as a first step towards better aligning labour market shortages and demand.
-
A8-0005/2017
summary
-
2017/01/12
Vote in committee, 1st reading/single reading
-
2016/09/15
Referral to associated committees announced in Parliament
-
2015/05/21
Committee referral announced in Parliament, 1st reading/single reading
Documents
- Committee report tabled for plenary, single reading: A8-0005/2017
- Debate in Parliament: Debate in Parliament
- Decision by Parliament, 1st reading/single reading: T8-0051/2017
| Amendments | Dossier |
| 926 |
2015/2103(INL)
2016/09/07
IMCO
67 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas robotics c
Amendment 10 #
Draft opinion Recital A (new) Aa. whereas the sale and production of robots rose significantly between 2010 and 2014, with an increase of almost 30% in 2014 alone, particularly in the electronics industry;
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion Recital A (new) Aa. whereas the market for robot services is constantly expanding;
Amendment 12 #
Draft opinion Recital B B. whereas the digital transformation of European manufacturing industry
Amendment 13 #
Draft opinion Recital B B. whereas the digital transformation of European manufacturing industry, which accounts for 15% of EU GDP, could have a value-added potential of EUR 1.25 trillion in 20251, and the adoption of autonomous and robotic technologies could result in a competitive advantage for Europe; whereas autonomous robotic technologies also have an impact on employment; __________________ 1 STOA, Scientific Foresight Study, Annex 1, p. 37.
Amendment 14 #
Draft opinion Recital B B. whereas the digital transformation of European manufacturing industry, which accounts for 15% of EU GDP, could have a value-added potential of EUR 1.25 trillion in 20251, and the adoption of autonomous and robotic technologies could
Amendment 15 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas the development of robotics could result in greater efficiency and savings for the internal market, particularly in the transport, health and care sectors, while reducing human exposure to harmful and hazardous conditions;
Amendment 16 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas machine learning offers enormous economic and innovative benefits for society by vastly improving the ability to analyse data, while also raising challenges to ensure non- discrimination, due process, access to information and comprehensibility in decision-making processes;
Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas developments in the field of medical applications, such as robotic prostheses and implants, make persons carrying them vitally reliant on the availability of maintenance, repairs, and enhancements;
Amendment 18 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas the development of robotics and artificial intelligence has an impact on employment, and thus on the funding mechanisms of social security and pension systems;
Amendment 19 #
Draft opinion Recital B (new) Bb. whereas data protection and respect for intellectual property must be taken into account in the development of all new technological and production prototypes;
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas robotics can play a role in transforming our society for the better; whereas robotics and artificial intelligence play an active part in the digitisation of the economy in many sectors, such as industry, construction and aeronautics, and can lead to innovations and new business models, and the Union must embrace developments in this area to advance the DSM;
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion Recital B c (new) Bc. whereas a many third countries have adopted suitable guidelines and legislation in the field of robotics, while a number of Member States have also begun to give the matter serious consideration;
Amendment 21 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 Amendment 22 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Stresses that an EU-level approach is needed to avoid fragmentation in the internal market, and at the same time underlines the importance of the mutual recognition principle in the cross-border use of robots and robotic systems; recalls that testing, certification and market approval
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Stresses that an EU-level approach
Amendment 24 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Stresses that an EU-level approach is needed to avoid fragmentation in the internal market
Amendment 25 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Stresses the importance of measures to help SMEs and start-ups in the robotics sector that create new market segments in this sector or make use of robots;
Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Encourages the development of an ambitious European strategy for research and innovation in robotics in order to fully develop its potential for growth and jobs in Europe;
Amendment 27 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 28 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that harmonised standardisation for robotics is necessary and calls on the Commission to engage with international standardisation bodies to work further on improving standards in this field; considers that the internal market and European industry would benefit from the rapid introduction of a uniform legal and regulatory framework for robotics, so as to endow Member States with modern and effective common standards which take account of future technological developments;
Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that harmonised standardisation for robotics is necessary in order to foster innovation, and calls on the Commission to engage with international standardisation bodies to work further on improving standards in this field; welcomes in this respect the setting up of special technical committees, such as the ISO/TC 299 Robotics, dedicated exclusively to developing standards on robotics;
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas robotics can play a role in transforming our society for the better; whereas robotics and artificial intelligence can lead to innovations and new business models, and the Union must embrace developments in this area to advance the DSM; whereas technology is advancing at an increasingly fast pace, but our social systems cannot respond as quickly;
Amendment 30 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that harmonised standardisation for robotics is necessary and should be part of the EU's standardisation priorities; calls on the Commission to engage more actively with international standardisation bodies and improve cooperation with international partners to work further on improving standards in this field;
Amendment 31 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that harmonised standardisation for robotics is necessary; stresses that it is essential for common, safe and high-level standards to be developed in this future-oriented area and calls on the Commission to engage with international standardisation bodies to work further on improving standards in this field;
Amendment 32 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that harmonised standardisation for robotics and artificial intelligence is necessary and calls on the Commission to continue to engage with international standardisation bodies to work further on improving standards in this field and to guarantee the highest possible level of consumer protection;
Amendment 33 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that harmonised standardisation for robotics is
Amendment 34 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. Considers it essential for the European Union to seek a regulatory framework based on ethical principles in line with the complexity of robotics and its many social implications;
Amendment 35 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Considers that robots developed for both manufacturing and individual use should be subject to product safety and consumer protection rules
Amendment 36 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Considers that
Amendment 37 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Considers that robots developed for both manufacturing and individual use should be subject to product safety and consumer protection rules; believes that issues of data protection, liability and cybersecurity should be addressed in any policy on robotics; stresses the importance of rules for testing robot responses for the purposes of consumer protection;
Amendment 38 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Considers that robots developed for both manufacturing and individual use should be subject to product safety and consumer protection rules; believes that issues of data protection, liability and cybersecurity should be addressed in any policy on robotics; highlights the importance of privacy and security by design in the development of robots;
Amendment 39 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Considers that robots developed for both manufacturing and individual use
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas robotics
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Considers that robots developed for both manufacturing and individual use should be subject to product safety and consumer protection rules; believes that issues of data protection, including third party data, liability and cybersecurity should be addressed in any policy on robotics;
Amendment 41 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Considers that robots developed for both manufacturing and individual use should be subject to product safety and consumer protection rules where appropriate; believes that issues of data protection, liability and cybersecurity should be addressed in any policy on robotics;
Amendment 42 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Considers that robots developed for both manufacturing and individual use should be subject to product safety and consumer protection rules; believes that issues of personal data protection, liability and cybersecurity should be addressed in any policy on robotics;
Amendment 43 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Stresses that in the continental European understanding of authors' rights, intellectual creation is tied to the personality of the author; therefore, artificial agents such as computers or robots cannot be perceived to be authors, and information produced by them cannot be eligible for copyright protection;
Amendment 44 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Considers that the civil liability of robots is a major issue which should be addressed at EU level in order to ensure a high level of legal certainty and consumer protection;
Amendment 45 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Stresses the need to take into account the possible impact of the use of robotics on the labour market and, in the longer term, on social protection systems;
Amendment 46 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Stresses that wherever the use of robots is proposed there is a need to focus on the dignity of the human being, especially so in the field of health care;
Amendment 47 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Stresses that, once the value of robots has been established, measures must be taken to ensure their accessibility on the market, while ensuring a level playing field in this respect;
Amendment 48 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 b (new) 3b. Points out that for the field of vital medical applications such as robotic prostheses, continuous, sustainable access to maintenance, enhancement, and in particular software updates that fix malfunctions and vulnerabilities needs to be ensured; to this end, a person carrying such a device is to be considered the full owner of the device and all its components, including software source code; considers this necessary to retain the means to support these vital devices, for example if support is no longer carried out by a supplier; therefore, additionally suggests the creation of independent trusted entities that retain the technology necessary to provide persons carrying these devices with such care, including the means to assemble and install software updates on the device; supports creating an obligation for manufacturers to provide these independent trusted entities with comprehensive design instructions as well as source code to this end, similar to the legal deposit of publications in a national library;
Amendment 49 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 b (new) 3b. Considers that better account of the impact of robotisation needs to be taken in Member States' employment policies;
Amendment 5 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas robotics can play a role in transforming our society
Amendment 50 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 c (new) 3c. Calls on the Commission to put in place a redesigned training framework to prevent a shortage of ICT professionals;
Amendment 51 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Recognises that robotics and AI technologies are increasingly used in
Amendment 52 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Recognises that robotics and AI technologies are increasingly used in autonomous vehicles; notes that some Member States are already enacting or considering legislation in this area in particular;
Amendment 53 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Recognises that robotics and AI
Amendment 54 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Recognises that robotics and AI technologies are increasingly used in autonomous vehicles, such as autonomous cars and civilian drones; notes that some Member States are already enacting or considering legislation in this area in particular; stresses that while overregulation in robotics and robotic systems should be avoided,
Amendment 55 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Recognises that robotics and AI technologies are increasingly used in autonomous vehicles; notes that some
Amendment 56 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Recognises that robotics and AI technologies are increasingly used in autonomous vehicles; notes that some Member States are already enacting or considering legislation in this area in particular;
Amendment 57 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Recognises that robotics and AI technologies are increasingly used in autonomous vehicles; notes that
Amendment 58 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Recognises that robotics and AI technologies are increasingly used in autonomous vehicles; notes that some Member States are already enacting or considering legislation in this area in particular; stresses th
Amendment 59 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4α. Acknowledges that the unconsidered development of robotics and AI could engender serious social and economic dangers; calls on the Union and the Member States to seek a structured public debate concerning the implications of these technological developments as soon as possible and urges those involved in robotics and AI research to provide constructive input through a critical approach to their field of study;
Amendment 6 #
Draft opinion Recital A (new) Aa. whereas the development of robotics and artificial intelligence may result in work currently performed by people being largely taken over by robots and there are concerns that in the field of robotics it will not be possible to create as many jobs as are expected to be lost in this process, and it is therefore necessary to address the issues of how to exploit the potential of the newly available human resources and how to ensure decent living conditions for people given the reduced number of job opportunities remaining;
Amendment 60 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Believes that in the case of autonomous vehicles there may not necessarily be a need to replace or alter the legal situation relating to insurance as current practices and relationships between operator, manufacturer and insurer may adequately cope with the introduction of new technologies, as has been the case in the past;
Amendment 61 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Considers robotics can contribute to strengthening and developing a properly functioning digital single market and that it is therefore necessary to harmonise internal market rules governing robotics, which will benefit both SMEs and consumers;
Amendment 62 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Calls on the Commission to present guidelines for the adoption of ethical principles accompanying future robotics regulations and, in particular, forward-looking standards in line with future technological developments;
Amendment 63 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Underlines that the use of robotics in healthcare is already a growing market, especially in telerobotic surgical procedures, in which Europe leads; asks the Commission to ensure conditions to allow the increased use of such practices;
Amendment 64 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Calls on the Commission to increase funding for interdisciplinary studies of the societal impacts of artificial intelligence and machine learning processes;
Amendment 65 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4b. Calls on the Member States and the Commission to launch an in-depth study into the immediate implications of the increasing use of robotics at the workplace and to seek adoption of the necessary framework legislative provisions, so as to make the transition as smooth as possible for workers affected.
Amendment 66 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4b. Considers it important for the EU to adopt a robotics agency to coordinate and facilitate the legislative work of the EU institutions and Member States;
Amendment 67 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 c (new) 4c. Considers it important to pay particular attention to the ethical and internal market implications of production tests for new robotics technologies;
Amendment 7 #
Draft opinion Recital A (new) Aa. whereas in particular service robots are soon to be considered fully operational in sectors currently not accessible for industrial robots such as homes, offices and hospitals where they will be used to generate benefits for citizens, employees, and patients, as well as for general productivity;
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion Recital A (new) Aa. whereas despite the undeniable advantages afforded by robotics, its implementation is likely to entail a transformation of the labour market because jobs hitherto done by people will henceforth be performed by robots;
Amendment 9 #
Draft opinion Recital A (new) Aa. whereas robots are increasingly operating in close proximity to people, and safety and liability aspects should be central concerns of all future regulation;
source: 589.122
2016/09/08
EMPL
174 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Citation 1 — to incorporate the following suggestions into its motion for a resolution: considers that the ongoing robotisation of the labour market is bringing about opportunities as well as challenges; stresses that robotisation can increase companies’ competitiveness, which can lead to the creation of more jobs,
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas robot-human teams could be 85 %1more productive than either on its own; and robots by enhancing capabilities of humans will reduce risks of human errors, whereas robotics should focus on complementing human capabilities and not on replacing them; whereas the large- scale use of robotics has the potential to bring about the long-term transformation of work and represents an education and training challenge; _________________ 1 According to research from MIT following joint experience with Carmakers BMW and Mercedes-Benz.
Amendment 10 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. points out that while automation has in general positive effects, nevertheless, over the next decade some jobs will be completely eliminated and many others affected. Highlights that for the time being, considering the currently available technologies, activities which involve human interaction like caring, guiding and leading people or which require expertise for decision making, planning or creative work are the hardest ones to automate;
Amendment 10 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Bα. whereas the prevalence of robotics and AI and their increasingly widespread applications have provoked a variety of reactions and objections;
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. calls on the European Commission to develop a method to enable monitoring of the number and nature of jobs lost and created by robotisation and automation, and the impact of this phenomenon on income lost by social security systems, taking account of the fact that the development of robotics is often co- financed with EU funds;
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion Recital B b (new) Bb. whereas the great influx of robotics and various AI applications will have a systemic impact on our productive and industrial organisation, as determined by new features that make it qualitatively different from the current organisation;
Amendment 12 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. it is important to call on the Commission to develop an analysis of the challenges and structural opportunities in employment inherent in the constant technological growth and to accompany such growth with an appropriate legislative framework which is easy to revise;
Amendment 12 #
Draft opinion Recital B b (new) Bb. whereas the development of robotics could result in greater efficiency and savings for the internal market and European production, while reducing human exposure to harmful and hazardous conditions;
Amendment 13 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. calls for the impact on employment and social policy caused by the significant increase in the sale and production of robots between 2010 and 2014 – equal to almost 30% for the year 2014 alone – to be considered, with reference, in particular, to the electronics industry;
Amendment 13 #
Draft opinion Recital B c (new) Bc. whereas these new features will have consequences for every member of the public, not only in terms of energy and the environment, but also in terms of social and political organisation, and whereas these therefore necessitate action by the public authorities in respect of the productive and industrial system which may differ qualitatively from the action currently taken;
Amendment 14 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. takes the view that clear legal relations should be established regarding robots in an effort to determine an impassable border between man and machine, which must always remain a work tool;
Amendment 14 #
Draft opinion Recital B c (new) Bc. whereas data protection and respect for intellectual property must be taken into account in the development of all new technological and production prototypes;
Amendment 15 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. stresses that while the development of robotics and artificial intelligence is accelerating, it is crucial to shape its course and to anticipate the possible consequences with respect to wealth distribution as well as employment and social policy;
Amendment 15 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Believes that robotics plays a key role in
Amendment 16 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 b (new) 1b. points out that robotisation results, on the one hand, in many jobs being lost and, on the other hand, in individual jobs being lost in many areas, and salary equalisation could be financed by means of the increase in productivity; asks the Commission and the Council to check regularly what consequences for the social protection systems arise as regards their sustainable financing; suggests exploring new financing options for future social protection systems, such as a tax on robots or on automation which replaces human manpower; suggest that the rollout of an unconditional basic salary to counteract the risks of poverty associated with automation be given further consideration;
Amendment 16 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Believes that robotics plays a key role in improving the competitiveness and productivity of the European economy; calls on the Commission to promote a pro- innovation policy in robotics, facilitating integration of technologies in value chains, and to assess the need to modernise legislation or develop European guidelines to ensure a joint approach in robotics
Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 b (new) 1b. calls on the Commission to propose a common definition for smart autonomous robots and their subcategories in the workplace by taking into consideration the following characteristics: acquisition of autonomy through sensors and/or by exchanging data with its environment, self-learning, existence of a physical support, adaptation of its behaviours and actions to its environment;
Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Believes that robotics plays a key role in improving the competitiveness and productivity of the European economy; believes that increased efforts in innovation and research in robotics can help Europe to become a global standard setter in this field; calls on the Commission to promote a pro-
Amendment 18 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 b (new) 1b takes the view, moreover, that civil responsibility with regard to work tools already exists in each Member State and is a matter of subsidiarity;
Amendment 18 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Believes that robotics and artificial intelligence play
Amendment 19 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 b (new) 1 b. stresses that robotisation requires an interplay among several factors such as: technical feasibility, the cost of developing and deploying both the hardware and the software for automation, the cost of labour and related supply-and-demand and the benefits apart from labour substitution i.e. the quality of output. Therefore, understanding the activities that are most susceptible to automation from a technical perspective could provide an unique opportunity to rethink how workers engage with their jobs and how digital labour platforms can better connect individuals, teams and projects;
Amendment 19 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Believes that robotics plays a
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Paragraph -1 (new) - 1. notes that technological progress has revolutionised the way people access and provide information, communicate, socialise and work, thereby creating new opportunities to participate in public and political discussions, opening up new prospects for an autonomous life, and resulting in enormous employment and economic potential for the European Union and beyond;
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas robot-human teams could be 85 %1 more productive than either on its own; and robots by enhancing capabilities of humans will reduce risks of human errors, while a significant number of existing jobs are considered to be at risk of automation over the next twenty years; __________________ 1 According to research from MIT following joint experience with Carmakers
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 b (new) 1b. stresses that the lack of legal provisions and regulations with regard to work automation is flagrant, given the fact that it underpins the new and already ongoing industrial revolution;
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Believes that robotics plays a key role in improving the competitiveness and productivity of the European economy; calls on the Commission to promote a pro- innovation policy in robotics, facilitating integration of technologies in value chains, and to assess the need to modernise legislation or develop European guidelines to ensure a joint approach in robotics, essential for companies to scale up in Europe; believes that Europe should make better use of the available scientific potential, increase the EU’s attractiveness by attracting the best specialists in this field, and orient itself towards global markets;
Amendment 21 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 c (new) 1c. believes that the increasing level of autonomy of robots should be accompanied by the adaptation of liability rules concerning the consequences associated with their actions or inaction, in particular in the workplace; calls on the Commission to consider the pros and cons of a compulsory insurance scheme linked to the obligation for a robot producer to take out an insurance policy covering the potential damage and failures caused by its robots;
Amendment 21 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Points out that robotics, like any other technological innovation, must be subject to in-depth preventive assessment to identify, along with its evident benefits, its potential risks; special attention must also be awarded to identifying any long- term structural risks, such as the possible increase in technological unemployment, and the social consequences thereof on the welfare system, or the possible increase in industrial concentration;
Amendment 22 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 d (new) 1d. highlights the importance of guaranteeing the safety and health of those interacting with robotics, in particular at the workplace; recalls that robots should be designed using processes ensuring human control and reversibility of robots’ operations;
Amendment 22 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Is convinced that robotics is an area in which there are still many uncertainties as to how it will evolve; calls therefore on the Commission to enter into continuous dialogue with the relevant stakeholders - e.g. industry, trade unions and the research community - in order to be able to respond appropriately and promptly to technological developments;
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1 a. Stresses that the development of robotics in the EU will have a strong impact on industrial relations. Believes that this impact should be addressed in a balanced manner so as to promote the reindustrialisation and allow also the workers to enjoy the productivity gains for example by reducing the working time without loss of salary;
Amendment 24 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education
Amendment 24 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1 a. Stresses that increased use of robotics provide the possibility to boost the reindustrialization efforts of the European Union; believes a sound civil law framework for robotics paired with the necessary digital infrastructure will not only increase productivity and innovation but also can help to overcome the investment crisis;
Amendment 25 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 25 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1 a. Believes that the shortening of the time passed from innovation to industrialisation should be encouraged through the wider use of robotics and artificial intelligence, and facilitated by the growth of scalable SMEs especially in the field of 3D printing;
Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education must pave the way for
Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 b (new) 1b. Notes that non-EU countries have recognised the strategic importance of robotics and are challenging the EU’s global-market leadership through, for instance, takeovers of European manufacturers; calls on the Commission to devise an industrial strategy that addresses the role of strategically significant sectors such as robotics and sets out how the EU can retain jobs, growth, know-how and much of the value chain;
Amendment 27 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education
Amendment 27 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 b (new) 1 b. Considers that in order to maximize the benefits of robotics, it must not to be used for a mere substitution of workers, but it must help to create more quality jobs and scale-up the whole production of a company;
Amendment 28 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 28 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Stresses that innovation in robotics and artificial intelligence require digital
Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. educational systems must pave the way for the next generation to be able to live fully productive lives in a world which will be changed by robotisation and automation;
Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Stresses that innovation in robotics and artificial intelligence require digital infrastructure capable to integrate robotics technology within the current systems and society as well as that provides ubiquitous connectivity; calls on the Commission to set a framework that will meet the connectivity requirements for the Union’s digital future;
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1.
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Recital B B. whereas the Union holds a leading position in industrial robotics, with a share of more than 25 %2 of supply and use; and whereas maintaining that leading position and share is therefore an industrial strategy priority; __________________ 2
Amendment 30 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 30 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Stresses that innovation in robotics and artificial intelligence require digital infrastructure that provides ubiquitous
Amendment 31 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education must pave the way for the next generation to be able to live fully productive lives in a world which
Amendment 31 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Stresses that innovation in robotics and artificial intelligence require digital infrastructure that provides ubiquitous connectivity; calls on the Commission to set a framework that will meet the connectivity requirements for the Union’s digital future; calls on the Member States to continue to expand broadband internet also in structurally weak regions;
Amendment 32 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. underlines that education must pave the way for the next generation to be able to live fully productive lives in a world which will be changed by robotisation and automation; stresses the importance of the flexibility of skills and emphasises the importance of life skills and social skills in education; is certain that, in addition to schools teaching academic knowledge, children need to acquire thinking skills to be able to question, creative skills to be able to put ideas into action and lifelong learning needs to be realised through lifelong acting; underlines that digital competences need to be part of the basic curriculum;
Amendment 32 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Stresses that innovation in robotics and artificial intelligence require digital infrastructure that provides ubiquitous
Amendment 33 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education must pave the way for the next generation to be able to live fully productive lives in a world which will be changed by robotisation and automation; particular attention should be paid to the digitalisation of teaching and exploiting robotisation in teaching and learning; evaluation frameworks should be examined paying attention to modern skills; education should also emphasise humanities, which bring benefit in the form of creative, inventive, artistic and cultured qualities in the changing labour market; special emphasis should be given to the Lifelong Learning Programme;
Amendment 33 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2 a. Believes that in order to implement a socially balanced framework on robotics that allows the development of European industries without mass destruction of jobs, social partners, both trade union and industry, have to be involved and considered at EU, Member States and industry level;
Amendment 34 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education must pave the way for the next generation to be able to live fully productive lives in a world which will be changed by robotisation and automation; today’s fast-paced automation and digitalisation of work and services require digital skills and competences to be developed immediately in order to ensure a high level of employment, eradicate growing digital illiteracy and the risk of social exclusion that is associated with it;
Amendment 34 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2 a. Stresses that fostering the digital skills has to be included in all the teaching and training from the early school years to higher education and vocational training; also the companies have to put effort in keeping the skills of their employees up-to-date;
Amendment 35 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education must pave the way for the next generation to be able to live fully productive lives in a world which will be changed by robotisation and automation, focusing on training initiatives for jobs with creative and non-repetitive content;
Amendment 35 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2 a. Underlines that unhindered connectivity is a prerequisite to growth and innovation; calls on the Commission to ensure that access to broadband and 5G networks is accompanied by equal treatment of traffic in the spirit of the net neutrality principle;
Amendment 36 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. education must pave the way for the next generation to be able to live fully productive lives in a world which will be changed by robotisation and automation; and as preparation for potential new areas of business that will develop;
Amendment 36 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Strongly believes that interoperability between systems, devices and cloud services, based on security and privacy by design, are essential for enabling real time data flows enabling robots to become more flexible and autonomous;
Amendment 37 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. highlights the necessity for educational systems to better reflect the development of robotics and automation; is concerned about the risk of destruction of jobs notably less qualified ones; calls for a massive professional training plan for the labour force focusing on digital skills and re-qualification; and supports the improvement of digital skills at school, including computer coding learning;
Amendment 37 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Strongly believes that interoperability between systems, devices and cloud services, which must be based on security and
Amendment 38 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2 a. calls for efforts to create the kind of educational system that will preserve the value of human labour in the future to prevent situations where groups which might be considered "obsolete" could be deemed "inferior". Highlights also the importance of peopling adapting their skills to the tasks in which they continue to have a comparative advantage over machines;
Amendment 38 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Strongly believes that interoperability between systems, devices and cloud services, based on security and privacy by design, are essential for enabling real time data flows enabling robots to become more flexible
Amendment 39 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. considers that the robotics industry could have important benefits in terms of effectiveness and economy, in particular in the health and welfare sectors, and could reduce the risk of human exposure to harmful and dangerous conditions;
Amendment 39 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Strongly believes that interoperability between systems, devices and cloud services, based on security and privacy by design,
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1.
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Recital B B. whereas the Union holds a leading position in industrial robotics, with a share of more than 25 %2 of supply and use, growth in this market is estimated at 8-9% per annum2a; __________________ 2
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. strongly calls for this training to maintain the predominance of humans over robots, whatever their level of capability;
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3 a. Stresses that a high level of safety, security and privacy of data used for the communication between people and robots and artificial intelligence, together with high quality of voice recognition systems, has to be ensured; calls on the Commission and Member States to support and incentivise the development of the necessary technology, including security by design and channels of communication;
Amendment 41 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. a
Amendment 41 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 b (new) 3 b. Stresses that education, research, development and training activities on learning and teaching coding and robotics are an essential part of the innovation economy;
Amendment 42 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 42 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 c (new) 3 c. Underlines that a high level of safety and security of data used for the communication between people and robots and artificial intelligence, together with high quality of voice recognition systems, has to be ensured; calls on the Commission and Member States to support and incentivise the development of the necessary technology, including security by design and channels of communication;
Amendment 43 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 43 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Notes that data access
Amendment 44 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 44 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Notes that data access is key to innovation in machine learning algorithms; calls on the Commission to implement an ambitious strategy on Open and free flow of data; points in this connection to the Commission’s ‘Free Flow of Data’ initiative and stresses that, as regards robotics, it should address data exchange and trading within the digital industry while taking full account of personal data protection and intellectual property law;
Amendment 45 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 45 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Notes that data access is key to innovation in machine learning algorithms; calls on the Commission to implement an ambitious strategy on
Amendment 46 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 46 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Notes that data access is key to innovation in machine learning algorithms; calls on the Commission to implement an ambitious framework and strategy on Open and free flow of data;
Amendment 47 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. a
Amendment 47 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Stresses that digital and related technical developments, such as robotics, represent new challenges for businesses, in particular SMEs, with a view to safeguarding their data and intellectual property; calls on the Commission to analyse cybersecurity risks on the basis of a sector-specific approach; calls furthermore on the Commission to take up the issue of robotics in connection with cybersecurity strategy (COM(2016)410) and include it in the discussions of the projected high-level group on cybersecurity;
Amendment 48 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. stresses that an answer must be found to the question of what employment provisions might be necessary in terms of the competitiveness of the labour force if the artificial or genetic development or supplementing of existing human capabilities results in people with extraordinary abilities, thereby altering the meaning of the term 'disability' and conferring an unassailable advantage on people with access to such tools and interventions, and in this regard points out that as human dignity is at the centre of European and international human rights law, it is important to examine how it can be ensured that those who are not yet classified as disabled do not find themselves in the same situation as those living with intellectual disabilities and whether people living with intellectual disabilities will in the future be able to take fully-fledged decisions in the form of supported decision-making as outlined in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities with the help of robots and how responsibility will be divided among them;
Amendment 48 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4 a. Stresses that in the continental European understanding of authors' rights, intellectual creation is tied to the personality of the author; therefore artificial agents such as robots and artificial intelligence cannot be perceived of as authors and information produced by them shall not be eligible for copyright protection;
Amendment 49 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. points out that the continued development of robots may allow for the more effective integration of people with physical or mental disabilities in labour markets; raises the issue that the high innovation and procurement costs may undermine this option; raises the issue that with the introduction of robot and automation technology there is the risk that people with disabilities may be pushed out of labour markets; calls for an examination of how public social security systems can be developed to ensure that people with disabilities gain equal access to the labour market; calls for people with disabilities or their representatives to be actively involved in all assessment processes;
Amendment 49 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4 a. Notes that robotics Technology has the potential to transform lives and work practices, raise efficiency and safety levels, provide enhanced level of services. Its impact will grow over time as will the interaction between robots and people;
Amendment 5 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1.
Amendment 5 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas robots convert digital data into physical actions and, accordingly, there is a close link between robotics (and artificial intelligence) and industrial digitisation; whereas similar issues are emerging in a host of areas, and an eye must be kept on interplay between possible legislative initiatives;
Amendment 50 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. points out however, that there are risks from using robots which should be carefully weighed against the benefits they might bring. Work injuries caused by robots and related claims should be kept in mind. While wearable robot technology like exoskeletons aimed at protecting against workplace injuries might increase productivity, they could give rise to higher employer expectations of human workers and, in turn, to greater injury risks. This must be taken into consideration by legislators, employers, unions and employees via internal rules, collective agreements etc. Other risks associated with robots might relate to anti-discrimination which could occur following a job interview in the event of data that was acquired leading to unintended analysis. Trade and privacy issues could also appear following the use of robots;
Amendment 50 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4 a. Calls on Member States to prepare the education sector to be responsive to the challenges posed by robotics for future generations;
Amendment 51 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. stresses that in the face of already- increasing divisions in society, with a shrinking middle class, it is important to bear in mind that developing robotics may lead to a high concentration of wealth and influence in the hands of a minority;
Amendment 51 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4 b. Strongly believes that in the medium term robotics technology will have a far more influential effect on the competitiveness of non-manufacturing industries such as agriculture, transport, healthcare, security and utilities;
Amendment 52 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. considers it essential for the European Union to specify a legal framework inspired by ethical principles that reflect the complexity of robotics and its numerous social implications;
Amendment 52 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4 b. Points out that the technological development in the field of autonomous machines, for example cars and drones, should be accompanied by solutions to the new ethical challenges;
Amendment 53 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that
Amendment 53 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 c (new) 4 c. Points out that developments in the field of vital medical applications such as robotic prostheses, should not reduce the autonomy and self-determination of persons carrying them; therefore a person carrying such a device is to be considered the full owner of the respective device and all its components, including software source code; considers this necessary to retain the means to support these vital devices; for example if maintenance, repairs or enhancements, including software updates fixing malfunctions and vulnerabilities, are no longer carried out by a supplier; therefore additionally suggests the creation of independent trusted entities that retain the technology necessary to provide persons carrying these devices with such care; including the means to assemble and install software updates on the device; supports creating an obligation for manufacturers to provide these independent trusted entities with comprehensive design instructions as well as source code to this end, similar to the legal deposit of publications to a national library;
Amendment 54 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy
Amendment 54 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 c (new) 4 c. Believes that medicine robots continue to make inroads into the provision of high accuracy surgery and in performing repetitive procedures. They have the potential to improve outcomes in rehabilitation, and provide highly effective logistics support within hospitals;
Amendment 55 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that,
Amendment 55 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 d (new) 4 d. Underlines that the growing use of robotics in the manufacturing but also in all areas of human life require assessment and measures to ensure that the social and environmental aspects are properly addressed;
Amendment 56 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence
Amendment 56 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 – introductory part 5. Calls on the Commission to increase its support in the mid-term review of the MFF for the Horizon 2020 funded SPARC programme and to promote a collaborative environment between national and European institutions, the research community, standardisation bodies and the private sector;
Amendment 57 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy not only for production and trade but also in areas where human intelligence hitherto meant there were only humans
Amendment 57 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5 a. SMEs and specially Start Ups are particularly important and form a vital part of the robotics landscape in terms of establishing component supply chains, driving innovation, opening up new markets and filling niches with valuable products and services. Stresses that the PPP will drive entrepreneurship, Start Ups and SMEs;
Amendment 58 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy not only for production and trade but also in areas where human intelligence hitherto meant there were only humans (whose work will be increasingly unnecessary), there is a danger of the number of jobs
Amendment 58 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 b (new) 5 b. Notes that Europe must face the challenge of growing an innovation based community where SME and global companies can work together to innovate producing robotic technology on global scale. Achieving open innovation and creating a strong component market place are important strategic objectives;
Amendment 59 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy not only for production and trade but also in areas where human intelligence hitherto meant there were only humans, such as the customer service sector in which large numbers of sometimes low-skilled people are employed in service industries and offices (whose work will be increasingly unnecessary), there is a danger of the number of jobs in the field of robotics not increasing to match the number of jobs which are expected to be lost in areas such as transport, logistics and office work;
Amendment 59 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. Any legislative initiative, in any field, on robotics and artificial intelligence should provide legal certainty without stifling innovation, in a manner compatible with the aims of the whole of European society and with the benefits which it expects these new technologies to have for all its members, without exception;
Amendment 6 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1.
Amendment 6 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas more substance needs to be given to the Commission’s work to establish and achieve industrial policy, research, economic and legal objectives in the field of robotics within the framework of the completion of the digital single market, as this is a strategic means of adapting European society to the needs of the 21st century;
Amendment 60 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy not only for production and trade but also in areas where human intelligence hitherto meant there were only humans (whose work will be increasingly unnecessary),
Amendment 60 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. A legislative initiative on robotics and artificial intelligence should provide legal certainty, without stifling innovation, on the basis of data use and storage in the EU by European actors;
Amendment 61 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy not only for production and trade but also in areas where human intelligence hitherto meant there were only humans (whose work will be increasingly unnecessary), there is a danger of the number of jobs in the field of robotics not increasing to match the number of jobs which are expected to be lost; believes in this regard that employee ownership and financial participation schemes for employees to co- own and invest in robots could play a role in ensuring employees have a financial interest in robots which may compete with them on the labour market in the future thus ensuring a second stream of income independent from their job;
Amendment 61 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. A legislative initiative on robotics and artificial intelligence should provide legal certainty without stifling innovation; comprehensive consultation of the relevant stakeholders is necessary in order to ensure that balance;
Amendment 62 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy not only for production and trade but also in areas where human intelligence hitherto meant there were only humans (whose work will be increasingly unnecessary), there is a danger of the number of jobs in the field of robotics not increasing to match the number of jobs which are expected to be lost; points out that this assumption may have negative repercussions not only on employment levels but also on the viability of social security systems, thus making it even more difficult to tackle poverty and social exclusion, which is a Union objective as defined in the Europe 2020 strategy;
Amendment 62 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. A legislative initiative on robotics and artificial intelligence should provide legal certainty without stifling innovation
Amendment 63 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy not only for production and trade but also in areas where human intelligence hitherto meant there were only humans (whose work will be increasingly unnecessary), there is a danger of the number of jobs in the field of robotics not increasing to match the number of jobs which are expected to
Amendment 63 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. A legislative initiative on robotics and artificial intelligence should provide legal certainty and guarantee privacy without stifling innovation;
Amendment 64 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. points out that, whilst robotics and artificial intelligence promise real advantages in the short and medium term in terms of effectiveness and economy not only for production and trade but also in areas where human intelligence hitherto meant there were only humans (whose work will be increasingly unnecessary), there is a danger of the number of jobs in the field of robotics not increasing to match the number of jobs which are expected to be lost; workers made redundant as a result of developments in robotics need to receive suitable retraining;
Amendment 64 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6 a. Notes that robotics and AI are of an integrated-industry portfolio. Points out that Big Data analytics, sensors and innovative business models are re- designing framework for 4th Industrial Revolution;
Amendment 65 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. notes that civil robotics provide opportunities for more resources in areas of employment where there is increasingly a funding and staffing shortfall such as in the caring sector, thus allowing staff to concentrate on providing social and emotional support;
Amendment 65 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6 a. The legislative initiative should differentiate between a "natural person" and a "legal entity" so that a constructed legal personality is not alien to law;
Amendment 66 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4 a. stresses that, due to the development of robotics and artificial intelligence, the differential between the creation and loss of jobs could represent a direct threat to the financial sustainability of social security schemes and unemployment insurance systems of the Member States;
Amendment 66 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. Together with robotics engineers, industry, trade unions, the research community and society, the Commission should develop a code of ethical conduct aimed at guiding their activities;
Amendment 67 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4 a. stresses that the majority of benefits coming from automatisation and robotisation in employment should come not only from reducing labour costs but from raising productivity through fewer errors, higher output and improved quality, safety and speed;
Amendment 67 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. Together with
Amendment 68 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. calls on the Commission to present guidelines on the ethical and social principles set to accompany future regulations in the field of robotics, in particular with regard to the objective of defining forward-looking standards suitable for future technological developments;
Amendment 68 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. Together with robotics engineers, end-users and other stakeholders the Commission should develop a code of ethical conduct aimed at guiding their activities;
Amendment 69 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. points out that using robots and/or replacing workers with robots will have consequences for social security systems; points out that the consequences for pension systems may lead to poverty among the elderly in the long term;
Amendment 69 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 a (new) 7a. Considers that the Commission should open a debate on the transformative effects that the widespread use of robotics and AI systems is predicted to have on social protection systems, with the aim of establishing which innovations in European distribution and solidarity mechanisms will be needed to maintain – or even improve – our social protection standards, at all stages of people’s lives and regardless of their employment status;
Amendment 7 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. considers that there is an urgent need to examine whether the spread of robots brings welfare and progress per se if this happens in situations in which human labour is unnecessary within the traditional production and service structure – in other words, what conditions are needed in addition to financial security to ensure that people remain healthy (in terms of mental and physical wellbeing), happy and active;
Amendment 7 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) B a. whereas the development of robotics technology indicates human- robot interactions in terms of the relationship between humans and robots, in terms of the duration of these interactions and in terms of design issues affecting human interactive robots for psychological enrichment;
Amendment 70 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. points out that the use of robotics may have effects on the sustainability of Member States’ social security systems;
Amendment 70 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 a (new) 7 a. Ensure that any future legal framework for robotics shall also develop consistent rules on liability in the field of penal law and war crimes, in order to avoid crimes without criminal accountability;
Amendment 71 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. points out that the amount of work which will be wholly or partially dependent on human intelligence is completely unknown;
Amendment 71 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 a (new) 7a. Calls for particular attention to be paid to the ethical and internal market implications of production tests for new robotics technologies;
Amendment 72 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4 b. calls on the Commission and the Member States to explore the possibility of introducing a notification system prior to the establishment of robots and their relative participation to the companies turnover for the purpose of taxation and social security contributions;
Amendment 72 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 8 8. Recommendations regarding licences should respect contractual freedom and leave room for innovative licensing regimes
Amendment 73 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4b. highlights the increasing use of smart, collaborative robots, for example in industrial production, hospitals and retirement homes; calls on the Commission and the Member States to identify potential occupational health and safety risks stemming from technological innovations and take appropriate measures to counter them;
Amendment 73 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 8 a (new) 8 a. Stresses that development of robotics and artificial intelligence will forever change the landscape of the workplace. That may create new liability concerns and eliminate others. Underlines that the legal responsibility need to be clarified from both business sight model, as well as the workers design pattern, in case emergency or problems occur;
Amendment 74 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4b. considers, therefore, that simply evoking civil legal personality for robots does not provide any framework to secure the place that we want them to have in the future;
Amendment 74 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 8 a (new) 8 a. Measures to ensure that the growing use of robotics and artificial intelligence brings economic, social and environmental benefits, while tackling any negative consequences that arise;
Amendment 75 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4 b. highlights that a loss in employment in the medium and long term as a consequence of robotisation could also be associated with the risk of a loss in consumption capacity.
Amendment 75 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 8 b (new) 8 b. Notes that development of robotics technology will require more understanding for the common ground needed around joint human-robot activity, which should be based on two core interdependence relationships as predictability and directability. These two interdependence relationships are crucial for determining what information need to be shared between humans and robots and how a common basis between humans and robots can be achieved in order to enable smooth human-robot joint action;
Amendment 76 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 c (new) 4c. points to so-called crowdworking; calls on the Commission to look into this new form of employment and to examine to what extent social security systems and applicable labour law will need to be adjusted to provide appropriate protection for crowdworkers;
Amendment 77 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 c (new) 4 c. invites all Member States, in the light of the possible effects of robotics and artificial intelligence on the labour market, to consider the introduction of a general basic income;
Amendment 78 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 c (new) 4c. points out that human intelligence strictly speaking only concerns man and that it would be inappropriate, or even dangerous, to think that, despite the autonomy of certain robots, machines could be humanised;
Amendment 79 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 d (new) 4 d. calls on the European Commission to regularly consult and involve social partners when adapting the regulatory framework for robotics and the digital economy;
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. there is a need to examine whether the spread of robots brings welfare and progress if this happens in situations in which human labour is unnecessary within the traditional production and service structure – in other words, what conditions are needed in addition to financial security to ensure that people remain healthy, happy and active; the Member States’ social models also need to be examined to ensure the citizens’ livelihood in the changing labour market during possible periods of unemployment;
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas the sale and production of robots rose significantly between 2010 and 2014, with an increase of almost 30% in 2014 alone, particularly in the electronics industry;
Amendment 80 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 Amendment 81 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. an a
Amendment 82 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5.
Amendment 83 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. an answer must be found to the question of
Amendment 84 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. an answer must be found to the question o
Amendment 85 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. an answer must be found to the question of wh
Amendment 86 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5.
Amendment 87 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. an answer must be found to the question of which areas might see restrictions
Amendment 88 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 Amendment 89 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5.
Amendment 9 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. points out that increased and global use of robots in the production of goods and in services results in higher productivity than can be achieved with little manpower; asks the Commission and the Council to assess regularly and in dialogue with social partners to what extent weekly, annual and life working hours can be reduced without loss of income in order to include more people in the production process and simultaneously increase individual and family quality of life;
Amendment 9 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) B a. whereas experts predict that robots will replace humans in one-third of today's traditional professions by 2025, altering economics and our approach to machine use as we know it,
Amendment 90 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. an answer must be found to the question of which areas might see restrictions or a ban on total automation in
Amendment 91 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. There is a need to explore ways to ensure that the health and safety of workers is adequately protected when working with or alongside robotics and other forms of artificial intelligence.
Amendment 92 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a points out that robots are not only tools for work but are increasingly acting autonomously in the production of goods and services; calls for comprehensive protection systems and liability rules that ensure that damage caused by autonomous robots can be clarified in favour of the employees at all times;
Amendment 93 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5a (new) 5a. calls on the EU and the Member States to encourage the initiation of a structured public dialogue on the consequences of developing those technologies as soon as possible; calls on the stakeholders involved in the research in the robotics and artificial intelligence sectors to develop a critical approach towards the objects of their research and to provide a constructive feed to the public dialogue;
Amendment 94 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5 a. stresses that any processing activity carried out by robotics and artificial intelligence systems must be in full compliance with Union data protection law and must embed privacy by design and privacy by default principles;
Amendment 95 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. it is necessary to anticipate the development of new business areas which could develop on the basis of the further development of robotics and artificial intelligence, and which would result in new jobs;
Amendment 96 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. points out that robotisation offers considerable opportunities to bring the manufacturing industry back to the Union and thereby create new employment opportunities, in particular for low-skilled workers.
Amendment 97 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) Amendment 98 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 b (new) 5b. believes that the use of robots in production comes with major challenges for health and safety in the workplace; robotisation can, on the one hand, reduce the physical burden on workers, but can also result in higher mental strain given the increasing responsibility of the individual in more complex production processes; calls on the Commission and its agencies, in particular EU-OSHA, to examine the effects of digitalisation, robotics and artificial intelligence on mental strain and to make proposals for counter-measures; calls for employees to be given the opportunity play an active part in shaping their work environment at all times and for social partners and unions to be involved at all levels;
Amendment 99 #
5 b. points to scientific studies which have identified four major problems that arise when trying to legislate for the use of robots: - discretion, with regard to the platforms and manufacturers involved in the development and research of artificial intelligence, which might not always be visible to regulators; - diffuseness which arises when artificial intelligence systems are developed using teams of researchers that are organisationally, geographically and jurisdictionally separate; - discretion refers to the fact that artificial intelligence systems could entail many separate, distinct pre-existing hardware and software components. The effects of bringing all those components together may not be fully appreciated until after the fact. - opacity means that the way in which artificial intelligence systems work may be more opaque than previous technologies. This might constitute a problem for regulators as there is a lack of clarity concerning the problems that may be posed by such systems and how those problems can be addressed.
source: 587.657
2016/09/21
ENVI
121 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas ageing is the result of an increased life expectancy due to major progress in modern medicine, and is one of the greatest
Amendment 10 #
Draft opinion Recital C C. whereas cyber-physical systems (CPS) are technical systems of network computers, robots and artificial intelligence that interact with
Amendment 100 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 16 16. Safety of medical robotic devices is a precondition for their introduction in the healthcare sector. The effectiveness and safety of care and medical robots should be assessed against special, very detailed, safety safeguards and standard certification procedures, with special attention given to their use by impaired users or in emergency situations; calls on the Commission to promote the adoption of very specific and detailed EU-wide standards;
Amendment 101 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 16 16. Safety of medical robotic devices is a precondition for their introduction in the healthcare sector. The effectiveness and safety of care and medical robots should be assessed against special safety safeguards and certification procedures, with special attention given to their use by impaired or elderly users or users in emergency situations;
Amendment 102 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 16 16. Safety of medical robotic devices is a precondition for their introduction in the healthcare sector. The effectiveness and safety of care and medical robots should be assessed against special safety safeguards and certification procedures, with special attention given to their use by impaired users or in emergency situations; particular attention should be paid to the security of CPS networks so as to remove any possibility of hacking into and stealing sensitive personal data;
Amendment 103 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 16 a (new) 16a. underlines that the safety of CPS systems implanted in the human body is a fundamental requirement, because any fault in them may be fatal, and in this context stresses the importance of providing information and of unambiguous regulation of issues of liability, including that of whose property these implanted CPS systems are, who has rights over them and who may change their implantation, strictly prohibiting any experimentation on people without their consent;
Amendment 104 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 16 a (new) 16a. calls on the Commission to put in place without delay systems for centralised premarket approval, traceability and post-market surveillance , that include correspondent publicly accessible databases; the criteria for approval should include the following: safe, effective and necessary technology, positive risks/ benefits balance for the patients, societal readiness to take the risks via sufficient available insurance coverage, clear identification of liability, non-discriminatory sharing of the benefits and the risks among society. "Pioneer" patients should not be used as representatives of all patients. Instead, estimation of users' actual wishes must be given priority before the implementation of CPS;
Amendment 105 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 16 a (new) 16a. stresses the need to equip each cybernetic machine used in medicine directly on human beings with an audio- video recording system (similar to black boxes in aircraft or ships), which may also be used to determine objective liability;
Amendment 106 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 16 a (new) 16a. stresses the importance, for safety purposes, of adequate training for medical or paramedical personnel who use, or advise on the use of, new robotic medical devices;
Amendment 107 #
Draft opinion Subheading 6 a (new) and paragraph 16 a (new) Ethics 16a. The use of care, assistance, and companionship robotics should proceed within a context emphasising human relationships. It should manifestly improve the patient’s quality of life and bring objective comfort. It must respect the dignity of the human person and the patient’s consent, however given. The patient should, in addition, be encouraged at all times to make use of and, if possible, develop his or her own cognitive faculties. The use of robotics should not exempt persons from assuming their professional, social, family, or moral responsibilities for those who are most vulnerable – children, elderly or dependent persons, or the sick;
Amendment 108 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 16 b (new) 16b. considers that CPS systems implanted in the human body must be regarded as an integral part of the human body, in the same way as human organs, and that the rules that apply to human organs must also be applied to them, bearing in mind also that switching off an implanted CPS system requires similarly strict regulation to euthanasia;
Amendment 109 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 17 17. Medical CPS and the use of a robot as an “electronic health record” raise questions concerning laws on patient privacy, medical professional secrecy, and data protection in the area of public health.
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion Recital C C. whereas cyber-physical systems (CPS) are technical systems of network computers, robots and artificial intelligence that interact with the physical world and already have numerous applications in the healthcare sector;
Amendment 110 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 17 17. Medical CPS and the use of a robot as an “electronic health record” raise questions concerning laws on patient privacy, medical professional secrecy, and data protection in the area of public health. Union data protection rules should be adapted to take into account the increasing complexity and interconnectivity of care and medical robots handling highly sensitive personal information and health data. The codes of conduct on medical professional secrecy should be
Amendment 111 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 17 17. Medical CPS and the use of a robot as an “electronic health record” raise questions concerning laws on patient privacy, medical professional secrecy, and data protection in the area of public health. Union data protection rules should be adapted to take into account the increasing complexity and interconnectivity of care and medical robots possibly handling highly sensitive personal information and health data. The codes of conduct on medical professional secrecy should be reviewed concerning the health data stored on CPS systems that can be accessed by third parties;
Amendment 112 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 17 17. Medical CPS and the use of a robot as an “electronic health record” raise questions concerning laws on patient privacy, medical professional secrecy, and data protection in the area of public health. Union data protection rules should be adapted to take into account the increasing complexity and interconnectivity of care and medical robots handling highly sensitive personal information and health data; they should comply with the concept of privacy by design, as laid down in Regulation (EU) 2016/679 concerning privacy. The codes of conduct on medical professional secrecy should be reviewed concerning the health data stored on CPS systems that can be accessed by third parties;
Amendment 113 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 17 a (new) 17a. stresses the need for clear regulation of the right to use data on health and life style obtained using CPS systems implanted in the human body, because the sharing of such data may assist the further development of medicine, while on the other hand it may make the individual vulnerable so that the interests of society and the individual come into conflict, and therefore calls on the Commission, with due regard for the inalienable rights of human beings, to regulate the use and storage of information gathered using such devices, with particular reference to innovation and research;
Amendment 114 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 17 a (new) Amendment 115 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 17 b (new) 17b. Insurance companies or any other service provider should not be allowed to use e-health data to introduce discriminations in the setting of prices, as this would contradict the fundamental right for access to the highest attainable standard of health;
Amendment 116 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 18 18. Research Ethics Committees (REC), which should include health practitioners working day-to-day as well as philosophers and religious representatives, should take into account the ethical questions raised by the development of medical robotic devices and CPS in many areas of healthcare and assistance to disabled and elderly people. Issues such as equality of access to robotic preventive health care, the privileged patient-doctor care relationship, and the susceptibility of patients with special needs such as children to developing an emotional attachment to
Amendment 117 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 18 18. Research Ethics Committees (REC) should take into account the ethical questions raised by the development of medical robotic devices and CPS in many areas of healthcare and assistance to disabled and elderly people. Issues such as equality of access to robotic preventive health care, the privileged patient-doctor care relationship, and the susceptibility, in particular, of patients with special needs
Amendment 118 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 18 a (new) 18a. considers that it should be adopted as a principle that people who are integrated with CPS systems and people without such devices are equal, and in this context it is necessary to study such issues as what makes a human being human, what distinguishes human beings from robots, and in what ways they differ from roboticised people (or people integrated with CPS systems), and whether indeed they do so differ, and the rights of human robots (which for example are capable of learning and have emotions or knowledge).
Amendment 119 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 18 a (new) 18a. encourages the Research Ethical Committees and the Commission to start a reflection in order to develop a code of conduct for researchers/designers and users of medical CPS, that should be based on the principles enshrined in the Union’s Charter of Fundamental Rights (such as human dignity and human rights, equality, justice and equity, benefit and harm, dignity, non-discrimination and non-stigmatisation, autonomy and individual responsibility, informed consent, privacy and social responsibility as well as the rights of the elderly, the integration of persons with disabilities, the right to healthcare, and the right to consumer protection) and on existing ethical practices and codes.
Amendment 12 #
Draft opinion Recital C a (new) Ca. having regard to the nature of CPS and the need to achieve specific, more detailed standards that are the same throughout the European Union;
Amendment 120 #
Draft opinion Subheading 8 a (new) and paragraph 18 a (new) Liability 18a. Acknowledges that robotics can introduce a high level of uncertainty regarding responsibility and liability issues. Therefore is of opinion that an interim solution could be to consider the one(s) who find economic benefits in this business should be held liable by default in case of injuries due to a dysfunction of the robot and responsible for proper disposal of electric and electronic waste generated;
Amendment 121 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 18 b (new) 18b. Is of the opinion that the mere existence of these technologies should not be translated into a review minimising industrial risks to health, such as nuclear risk, with the argument that it would make possible to avoid exposing humans to dangerous conditions: the high dependency of these technologies on energy supply makes them extremely vulnerable and unreliable in an emergency situation such as a natural or industrial accident in energy supply, a terrorist attack or war.
Amendment 13 #
Draft opinion Recital C a (new) Ca. whereas the quantity of medical data that can be collected by 2020 is doubling every 73 days; whereas this means that the automatic learning techniques of cybernetic machines with artificial intelligence point to a trend which is moving decisively towards the exclusion of human beings from certain activities, which will be carried out increasingly often and increasingly better by machines and will involve ever fewer mistakes and adverse events;
Amendment 14 #
Draft opinion Recital C b (new) Cb. whereas, in spite of this trend, which appears to be inevitable, the principle of the autonomy of cybernetic machines supervised by human beings must be determined as a basic precautionary rule;
Amendment 15 #
Draft opinion Recital D D. whereas such systems
Amendment 16 #
Draft opinion Recital D D. whereas such systems will provide the foundation and the basis of emerging and future smart services, and
Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion Recital D D. whereas such systems will provide the foundation and the basis of emerging
Amendment 18 #
Draft opinion Recital D a (new) Da. whereas personal freedom is a cardinal value of European civilisation, whereas the promise to be had from robotisation might lead to a new form of alienation if humankind, having chosen to regard technology as sacred, failed to control its development, whereas the Nietzschean overman (‘Übermensch’), a transhumanist project, is the last surviving utopia, whereas Europeans, however, must make it clear that everything which is technically possible is not always morally acceptable;
Amendment 19 #
Draft opinion Recital D a (new) Da. whereas under no circumstances should the use of robotic or high- technology diagnostic or treatment instruments result in increased liability for the doctors or healthcare personnel who are required to use them; whereas it is therefore considered advisable to increase the liability of the healthcare facilities or manufacturers involved;
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas ageing is the result of an unprecedented shortfall in births and increased life expectancy due to progress in living conditions and in modern medicine, and is one of the greatest political, social, and economic challenges of the 21st century for European societies; whereas by 2025 more than 20% of Europeans will be 65 or over, with a particularly rapid increase in numbers of over-80s;
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion Recital D a (new) Da. whereas, moreover, the use of tools such as self-diagnosis does not take account of human ethical, moral and professional responsibilities, in addition to civil and criminal liability, in the medical sector;
Amendment 21 #
Draft opinion Recital D a (new) Da. whereas the economic and societal potential of such systems is vastly greater than what has been realized, and major investments are being made worldwide to develop the technology;
Amendment 22 #
Draft opinion Recital D a (new) Da. whereas the widespread and increasingly frequent use of robotics and AI has unmistakably provoked a variety of reactions and objections;
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion Recital D b (new) Db. whereas the use of such technology should not diminish or harm the doctor-patient relationship, but should provide doctors with assistance in diagnosing and/or treating patients;
Amendment 24 #
Draft opinion Recital D b (new) Db. whereas it does not invariably follow that everything which is technically feasible is morally acceptable;
Amendment 25 #
Draft opinion Recital D b (new) Db. whereas these systems raise many high expectations and have much potential, the effects of newly introduced technologies will never be completely predicted and can only be successfully integrated if society can adjust to a new way of interacting with technology;
Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. acknowledges that the adoption of new technologies in the field of healthcare is likely to bring major benefits in terms of the quality of patient care and effectiveness of treatment, leading to increased
Amendment 27 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. acknowledges that the adoption of new technologies in the field of healthcare is
Amendment 28 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. acknowledges that the adoption of new technologies in the field of healthcare, assuming that the emphasis is laid at all times on the doctor-patient relationship and free will, is likely to bring major benefits in terms of patient care and effectiveness of treatment, leading to increased quality of life and life expectancy;
Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. acknowledges that the adoption of new technologies in the field of healthcare is likely to bring major benefits in terms of patient care and effectiveness of treatment i.e. by minimizing the risks of medication errors, such as miscalculation of drug dosage, leading to increased quality of life and life
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas ageing is the result of an increased life expectancy due to progress in modern medicine, and, like the aspiration of growing old in good health, is one of the greatest social and economic challenges of the 21st century for European societies; whereas by 2025 more than 20% of Europeans will be 65 or over, with a particularly rapid increase in numbers of over-80s;
Amendment 30 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. acknowledges that the adoption of new technologies in the field of healthcare is likely to bring major benefits in terms of patient care and effectiveness and precision of treatment, leading to increased quality of life and life expectancy, which, however, may yet further accentuate the challenges presented to societies by aging, while at the same time they may moderate the degree of dependence;
Amendment 31 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. considers that although robotics can bring societal benefits, they can at the same time dramatically change the ways people interact with each other and therefore have a real impact on current societal structures; therefore, underlines the urgent need for extensive and informed public debate around this new technological revolution;
Amendment 32 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. considers that the internal market and European industry would benefit from the rapid introduction of a uniform legal and regulatory framework for robotics, so as to endow Member States with modern and effective common standards ahead of further technological and social developments;
Amendment 33 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 b (new) 1b. considers it essential for the European Union to indicate a regulatory framework based on ethical principles in line with the complexity of robotics and its many social, medical and bioethical implications;
Amendment 34 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. underlines that innovation providing better diagnoses and better insights into treatment, care and rehabilitation options leads to more accurate medical decisions, quicker recovery times
Amendment 35 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. underlines that innovation providing better diagnoses and better insights into treatment, care and rehabilitation options may lead
Amendment 36 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. underlines that innovation providing better diagnoses and better
Amendment 37 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. stresses that the increase in demand in CPS units has the potential to create a large number of high-skilled jobs in Europe;
Amendment 38 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. considers it useful for robots to be present to support the work of doctors or healthcare assistants, in order to improve the human experience of diagnosis and treatment, without, however, disregarding the need to ensure that medical practice and patient care practices are not dehumanised;
Amendment 39 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. notes that CPS – whether without contact with the human body or else worn on the human body or implanted in it – are able to change the life of people suffering from a disability, as smart technologies can be used for prevention, assistance, monitoring and
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas ageing is the result of an increased life expectancy due to progress in modern medicine, and is one of the greatest social and economic challenges of the 21st century for European societies; whereas by 2025 more than 20% of Europeans will be 65 or over, with a particularly rapid increase in numbers of over 80s, which will lead to a fundamentally different balance between generations within our societies;
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. notes that CPS are able to change the life of people suffering from a disability, as smart technologies can be used for prevention, assistance,
Amendment 41 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. notes that CPS are able to change the life of people suffering from a disability, as smart technologies can be used
Amendment 42 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. notes that CPS are able to change the life of people suffering from a disability for the better, as smart technologies can be used for prevention, assistance, monitoring and companionship;
Amendment 43 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. notes that CPS are likely to have a profound impact on the healthcare sector, with the potential to lower the overall costs of healthcare by enabling medical professionals to shift their focus from treatment to prevention;
Amendment 44 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that elder care robot research and development has grown more mainstream and cheaper, producing products with greater functionality and broader consumer acceptance; notes the wide range of applications of such technologies providing prevention, assistance
Amendment 45 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that elder care robot research and development has, in time, grown more mainstream and cheaper, producing products with greater functionality and broader consumer acceptance; notes the wide range of applications of such technologies providing prevention, assistance, monitoring and companionship to elderly people and people suffering from dementia;
Amendment 46 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that elder care robot research and development has grown more mainstream and cheaper, producing products with greater functionality and broader consumer acceptance; notes the wide range of applications of such technologies providing prevention, assistance, monitoring, stimulation, and companionship to elderly people and people suffering from dementia, cognitive disorders, or memory loss; maintains that ‘companion’ robots are purely therapeutic by nature and should not be used for any other purpose;
Amendment 47 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. stresses that although CPS has the potential to enhance the mobility and sociability of people with disabilities and elderly people, human caregivers will still be needed and provide an important source of social interaction for them;
Amendment 48 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. stresses that although CPS has the potential to enhance the mobility and sociability of people with disabilities and elderly people, human caregivers will still be needed and provide an important source of social interaction for them
Amendment 49 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. stresses that although CPS has the potential to enhance the mobility and sociability of people with disabilities and elderly people, human caregivers will still be needed and provide an i
Amendment 5 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. whereas ageing is the result of an increased life expectancy due to progress in modern medicine, and is one of the greatest social and economic challenges of the 21st century for European societies; whereas by 2025 more than 20% of Europeans will be 65 or over, with a particularly rapid increase in numbers of over 80s, and whereas it is in the interest of society and families that older people should remain healthy and active for as long as possible;
Amendment 50 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. stresses that although CPS has the potential to enhance the mobility and sociability of people with disabilities and elderly people, human caregivers will still be needed and provide an important source of social interaction for them; notes that CPS technologies or robots can only
Amendment 51 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. stresses that although CPS has the potential to enhance the mobility and
Amendment 52 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. stresses that although CPS has the potential to enhance the mobility and sociability of people with disabilities and elderly people, human caregivers will still be needed and provide an important source of social interaction for them; notes that CPS technologies or robots can only augment human care and make the rehabilitation process more targeted, so that medical staff and caregivers can allocate more quality time for diagnosis and better treatment options;
Amendment 53 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. notes that early forms of robots and smart CPS devices are already used in healthcare, such as e-Health devices and surgical robots and that in the near future this technology will continue to develop, having the potential on the one hand to also reduce healthcare costs in the field concerned, while on the other hand, as CPS systems are capable of storing in their memories every instruction and observation they register during an operation or other medical intervention, these data may serve as evidence in the event of an error by the CPS and/or the doctor and may constitute a basis for compensation cases;
Amendment 54 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. notes that early forms of robots and smart CPS devices are already used in healthcare, such as e-Health devices and surgical robots and that in the near future this technology will continue to develop, having the potential to also reduce healthcare costs, making more budget available for better adjustment to the diversity of patients’ needs, continuous training of the healthcare professionals and research;
Amendment 55 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. underlines that the increased use of CPS could result in a healthier society as procedures become less invasive, leading to quicker recovery times, and reducing health-care absenteeism;
Amendment 56 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. notes that medical robotic devices continue to evolve and will likely become more frequently utilized in surgical procedures, moving forward the boundaries of medicine;
Amendment 57 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 Amendment 58 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. acknowledges that surgical robots have been envisaged to extend the capabilities of human surgeons beyond the limits of conventional laparoscopy, and that the development of surgical robots is rooted in the desire to overcome such limitations and to expand the benefits of minimally invasive surgery, fine movements and accuracy, but also considers it conceivable that in future, in some cases, surgical robots may even perform routine interventions without medical supervision;
Amendment 59 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 a (new) Amendment 6 #
Draft opinion Recital A a (new) Aa. whereas the sale and production of robots rose significantly between 2010 and 2014, with an increase of almost 30% in 2014 alone, particularly in the health and care sector;
Amendment 60 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 8 8. underlines that CPS allow for telesurgery, with numerous advantages such as increased precision of hand motion, removing tremor from hand motion, magnified view,
Amendment 61 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 9 9. notes that recent years have seen significant changes in the medical education and training sector; further notes that, as medical care has become increasingly complex, the climate in academic health centres provides an opportunity to enhance a holistic approach to health, rethink the way medical
Amendment 62 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 9 9. notes that recent years have seen significant changes in the medical education and training sector; further notes that, as medical care has become increasingly complex, the climate in academic health centres provides an opportunity to rethink the way medical education and lifelong learning is delivered, while preserving the core competence of doctors to retain their expertise and authority over robots; calls on the Member States to promote training and specialisation courses to encourage the free movement of surgeons who intend to use robots to carry out their operations; calls on the Commission, therefore, to promote high training standards at EU level for surgeons who are planning to use robotic technologies;
Amendment 63 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 9 9. notes that recent years have seen significant changes in the medical education and training sector; further notes that, as medical care has become increasingly complex, the climate in academic health centres provides an opportunity to rethink the way medical education and lifelong learning
Amendment 64 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 9 a (new) 9a. calls on the Commission and the Member States to strengthen the financial instruments for research projects in robotics for the social and health emergency;
Amendment 65 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 9 b (new) 9b. considers it vital to respect the principle of the supervised autonomy of robots, whereby the initial planning of treatment and the final decision regarding its execution will always remain the decision of the human surgeon;
Amendment 67 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 10 Amendment 68 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 10 10. stresses that medical CPS should meet the high standards set for medical equipment, through effective verification and certification procedures which allow assessment by adequately trained staff of the safety and effectiveness of the proposed technology, even at the design stage;
Amendment 69 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 10 a (new) 10a. stresses the importance of distinguishing surgical robots from prostheses and exoskeletons from robot companions whose function is to assist persons with disabilities or those who are temporarily incapacitated; stresses the importance of subjecting both species to checks to be carried out in accordance with standards that are as precise and detailed as possible and are monitored by a specific European authority;
Amendment 7 #
Draft opinion Recital A a (new) Aa. whereas in an ageing society the prevalence and incident rate of disabilities, chronic diseases, the risk of stroke, brain injuries and diminished abilities is increasing;
Amendment 70 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 11 Amendment 71 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 11 Amendment 72 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 11 11. calls on the Commission to consider adapting the existing trial procedures designed for testing medicines to the purpose of testing new medical robotic devices while ensuring that those procedures are safe;
Amendment 73 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 11 11. calls on the Commission to consider adapting the existing trial procedures designed for testing medicines to the purpose of testing new medical robotic devices in order to safeguard the overarching interests of the patients, notably through enhancing prior informed consent and insurances schemes as there must be full transparency for patients to their own data and full transparency to the public on failed and successful trials; further notes that the responsibility of failed trials and CPS must be clear to patients and the public;
Amendment 74 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 11 11. calls on the Commission to consider adapting the existing trial procedures designed for testing medicines to the purpose of testing new medical robotic devices, particularly in the case of devices that are implanted in the human body;
Amendment 75 #
Draft opinion Subheading 3 a (new ) and paragraph 11 a (new) European Robotics Authority: adaptation of legislation, control, safety, standardisation 11a. recommends the establishment of an independent European authority with expertise in robotics, which will be responsible for oversight in the sector, with the aim of adapting EU legislation to progressive rapid technological developments, by preventing structural delays and governing, also from a social point of view (in terms of Responsible Research and Innovation), the development of a market and a European robotics industry in accordance with uniform criteria throughout the Union;
Amendment 76 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 11 a (new) 11a. welcomes the political agreement on the new medical devices regulation which will improve the safety and quality of medical devices, including robots and CPS, by strengthening the scrutiny of products before they are placed on the market and tightening the surveillance once they are available;
Amendment 77 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 12 12.
Amendment 78 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 12 12. points out that while the development of technology is increasing exponentially, our social systems cannot respond as quickly, and healthcare systems have an even slower response; stresses that these discoveries have a significant impact on civilisation as we know it , and that it is therefore imperative to apply the precautionary principle and assess the
Amendment 79 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 12 12. points out that while the development of technology is increasing exponentially, our social systems cannot respond as quickly, and healthcare systems have an even slower response; stresses that these discoveries have a significant impact on civilisation as we know it, and that it is therefore imperative
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion Recital B B. whereas societies and health systems will need to
Amendment 80 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 12 a (new) 12a. observes that CPS systems (supplemented by gene surgery) will be usable not only to cure sick people but also to improve the capacities of people who, according to our current conceptions, are healthy and will thus bring into existence special people with capacities that are not yet known, and that CPS systems may even become an integral part of the human body, transforming our conceptions of the human body and health, which may have a major impact on human society as a whole, for which reason care must be taken to ensure that those people who do not have access to such advanced technologies or do not wish to use them do not suffer discrimination in comparison with people who are integrated with CPS systems, avoiding any reduction in their social mobility and the possibility that (for example in education or on the labour market) they may be placed at a competitive disadvantage in comparison with people whose capacities have been enhanced;
Amendment 81 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 12 a (new) 12a. stresses the importance, as regards ethical standards, of ensuring that robotic products respect the fundamental rights of individuals and society, which should be protected at EU level, by providing for any necessary technical measures which ensure such respect as from the design stage, in accordance with the so-called privacy by design approach;
Amendment 82 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 12 b (new) 12b. draws attention to the risks associated with the possibility that CPS systems integrated into the human body may be hacked or switched off or have their memories wiped, because this could endanger human health, and in extreme cases even human life, and stresses therefore the priority that must be attached to protecting such systems;
Amendment 83 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 12 c (new) 12c. considers that it should be adopted as a principle that nobody may be discriminated against because a CPS system or other auxiliary technology constitutes an integral part of their body or because smart technology has been implanted in the human body for purposes of medical treatment, to compensate for some disability or to improve the capacities of the human body; considers that in this context it is necessary to establish, for example, for how long a person remains a human being and at what point they become a robot, which may result in robots being assigned human rights;
Amendment 84 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 13 13. acknowledges the vulnerability of patients with special needs, including children, elderly and people suffering from disabilities
Amendment 85 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 13 13. acknowledges the vulnerability of patients with special needs, including children, elderly and people suffering from disabilities,
Amendment 86 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 13 13. acknowledges the vulnerability of patients with special needs, including children, the elderly and people suffering from disabilities, who may develop an emotional connection with CPS and robots, in particular humanoid or animal-like robots, and underlines the ethical considerations posed by their possible attachment to such figments of the imagination;
Amendment 87 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 13 13. acknowledges the vulnerability of patients with special needs, including children, the elderly and people suffering from disabilities, who may develop an emotional connection with CPS and robots, and underlines the ethical considerations posed by their possible attachment, which imply an imperative need to maintain sufficient human contact at all times;
Amendment 88 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 13 13. acknowledges the vulnerability of
Amendment 89 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 13 a (new) 13a. calls on the Commission and on the Member States to promote the development of assistive technologies, also through liability schemes that are different from those currently applicable, in order to facilitate the development and adoption of these technologies by those who need them, in accordance with Article 4 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, to which the Union is party;
Amendment 9 #
Draft opinion Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas the development of robotics could result in greater efficiency and savings for the internal market, particularly in the health and care sectors, while reducing human exposure to harmful and hazardous conditions;
Amendment 90 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 14 14. highlights the importance of preserving the patient-doctor care relationship, in particular as regards
Amendment 91 #
Draft opinion Subheading 4 a (new) and paragraph 14 a (new) Human enhancement: ethical profiles and regulations 14a. Notes that the adoption of CPS raises the issue of human enhancement, which is defined as the enhancement of existing natural human skills or the conferral of new skills, allowing individuals to overcome disability; in this regard, considers it necessary to address the issues raised by this phenomenon in order to ensure equal access to this new technology;
Amendment 92 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 15 15. acknowledges the need to minimise the
Amendment 93 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 15 15. acknowledges the need to minimise the possible environmental or ecological footprint of robotics
Amendment 94 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 15 15. acknowledges the need to minimise the possible environmental or ecological footprint of robotics, as the use of CPS and robots is expected to increase overall energy consumption; emphasises the need to increase energy efficiency by promoting the use of renewable technologies for robotics and to reduce waste, and to maximise the potential for robotics to make processes more resource efficient;
Amendment 95 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 15 15. acknowledges the need to minimise the possible environmental or ecological footprint of robotics, as the use of CPS and robots is expected to increase overall energy consumption; emphasises the need to increase energy efficiency by promoting the use of renewable technologies for robotics and to reduce waste; considers that Asimov’s First Law should be broadened to encompass the environment so as to ensure that no robot could injure a human being or damage the environment or, by inaction, allow a human being or the environment to come to harm;
Amendment 96 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 15 a (new) 15a. emphasises that the full lifecycle approach from production and consumption to waste management and the market for secondary raw materials should be included in the designing process of new CPS and robots and therefore calls on the Commission to incorporate the principles of circular economy in to any Union policy on robotics to ensure that all materials, some of which are among most critical, are used in the most efficient and sustainable way; (To be inserted before the subheading ‘Safety’)
Amendment 97 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 15 a (new) Amendment 98 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 15 a (new) 15a. emphasises that all negative externalities should be taken into account in the price setting; (To be inserted before the subheading ‘Safety’)
Amendment 99 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 15 b (new) 15b. stresses that CPS will lead to the creation of energy and infrastructure systems that are able to control the flow of electricity from producer to consumer, as well as will result in the creation of energy ´prosumers´, who both produce and consume energy; thus allowing for major environmental benefits; (To be inserted before the subheading ‘Safety’)
source: 589.261
2016/10/07
TRAN
93 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Citation 1 a (new) - whereas the Commission recently established the High Level Group GEAR 2030 tasked with producing a roadmap for the proper deployment of autonomous vehicles;
Amendment 10 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. takes view that the impact of automated vehicles on enhancing transport safety might potentially be a major one, since human errors are currently responsible for about 90% of road accidents; notes however that it will be impossible for automated vehicles to eliminate all accidents, which raises questions of civil responsibility for car accidents, including material damage and physical harm;
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1.
Amendment 12 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. takes view that the impact of automated vehicles on enhancing transport safety might potentially be a major one, since human errors are currently responsible for about 90% of road accidents; notes however that it will be impossible for automated vehicles to eliminate all accidents, which raises questions of responsibility as well as ethical questions for car accidents;
Amendment 13 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. takes the view that the impact of automated
Amendment 14 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1.
Amendment 15 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Recalls that the autonomous transport systems have long existed in the public transport sector (metro systems) and have proved their reliability and their high level of public acceptance;
Amendment 16 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. welcomes the numerous developments concerning robotics in all modes of transport, such as self-driving cars, ships and drones;
Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Calls on the Commission to take note of the ongoing development of automation in rail, air and waterborne transport;
Amendment 18 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. takes the view that the emergence and increasing popularity of unmanned aircraft technology creates new challenges for protection and civil responsibility, including areas of material damage and protection of private data, and urges the Commission to deliver an assessment on of the safety and environmental issues related to the massive use of drones;
Amendment 19 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. takes the view that the switch to automated vehicles, besides its positive impact on road safety, fuel consumption, the environment and the creation of new employment opportunities in the telecommunication and automotive sectors, might also lead to job losses in the transport sector as well as have consequences on the insurance sector;
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Citation 1 a (new) - having regard to the Declaration of Amsterdam of the Council, of 14-15 April 2016, on Cooperation in the field of connected and automated driving,
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Draws attention to the fact that driver reaction time in case of an unplanned takeover of control of the vehicle is of vital importance and calls, therefore, on the stakeholders to provide for realistic values determining safety and liability issues;
Amendment 21 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. Emphasises the particular importance of the Committee on Legal Affairs' draft report on the transport sector, given technological progress and in view of the fact that semi-automatic vehicles are already available on the market and fully automatic vehicles will soon also be available;
Amendment 22 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. emphasises that future development in all transportation modes, including vehicles, drones, vessels and logistics, will involve automated systems,; stresses that both technological and legal issues linked to this development need to be addressed;
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 a (new) 1a. stresses the importance of supporting further innovation in robotics, such as connected and automated vehicles and drones, to strengthen the global market position of Union industry;
Amendment 24 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. notes that automated vehicles can play an important role in developing sustainable transport (for example, through the potential for making savings in emissions) and calls on the Commission and Member States to pay attention to upcoming technical progress; stresses the importance of increasing energy efficiency by encouraging the use of powertrains using renewable fuels in automated vehicles; notes that automated vehicles could help increase road capacity and reduce traffic congestion due to the shorter safety distances needed between vehicles and the ability to better manage traffic flows, which would result in greater energy and environmental efficiency;
Amendment 25 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. notes that automated vehicles can play an important role in developing sustainable transport (for example, through the potential for making savings in emissions) and calls on the Commission and Member States to pay attention to upcoming technical progress in the field of renewable technologies and to ease the diffusion of fast recharging automated stations fed from fully decarbonised and denuclearised electricity sources;
Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. notes that automated vehicles can play an important role in developing sustainable transport (for example, through the potential for making savings in emissions)
Amendment 27 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. notes that automated vehicles, vessels and aircraft systems can play an important role in developing sustainable transport (for example, through the potential for making savings in emissions) and calls on the Commission and Member States to
Amendment 28 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. notes that
Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Citation 1 b (new) Amendment 30 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. notes that automated
Amendment 31 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 32 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. Expects the Commission to ensure that the Member States adapt the existing legislation, such as the Vienna Convention, in a uniform manner in order to make driverless driving possible, and calls on the Commission, the Member States and the industry to implement the objectives of the Amsterdam Declaration on cooperation in the field of connected and automated driving as soon as possible;
Amendment 33 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. Emphasises that efforts to establish legal consistency and a single market as a source of economies of scale must not undermine the sovereignty of Member States, especially where they are required to demand that manufacturers observe safety and liability rules in favour of the users of automatic or semi- automatic vehicles;
Amendment 34 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. emphasises that transport modes, in which traffic control is already well established, such as public transport, must get the most attention when it comes to promoting autonomous driving;
Amendment 35 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. hopes that the new vehicles will be accessible to all users, including those with reduced mobility;
Amendment 36 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 b (new) 2b. points out that self-driving vehicles might do much to reduce noise pollution, especially in towns and cities;
Amendment 37 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. calls on the Commission and Member States to conduct further research to assess the safety and environmental implications of automated vehicles, and invites them to create a knowledge-sharing system to record the outcomes of tests and pilot schemes; since the act of driving itself will become a complex technical exercise, it is of the utmost importance that such a knowledge-sharing system is conceived to protect the privacy of data contributed by consumers using automated vehicles;
Amendment 38 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. calls on the Commission and Member States to conduct further research to assess the safety and environmental implications of automated vehicles, and invites them to create a knowledge-sharing system to record the outcomes of tests and pilot schemes; calls on the Commission and Member States to ensure that the safety of automated vehicles is considered to be essential or a sine qua non for a progressive integration in the market;
Amendment 39 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. calls on the Commission and Member States to conduct further research to assess the safety and environmental implications of automated
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Citation 1 b (new) - having regard to the to the European Parliament's resolution of 29 October 2015 on safe use of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), commonly known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), in the field of civil aviation,
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3.
Amendment 41 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. calls on the Commission and Member States to conduct further research to assess the safety and environmental implications of automated vehicles in all transport modes, and invites them to create a knowledge-sharing system to record the outcomes of tests and pilot schemes;
Amendment 42 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. calls on the Commission and Member States to conduct further research to assess the safety and environmental implications of automated
Amendment 43 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. calls on the Commission and Member States to conduct further research to assess the safety and environmental implications of auto
Amendment 44 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Points out that through route optimisation, the fight against congestion, the optimisation of the use of the propulsion system and their communication with flow control systems, autonomous vehicles will help improve environmental factors, particularly in urban nodes;
Amendment 45 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 a (new) 3a. Calls upon the Commission to take up the issue of the distribution of the added value generated by the improvement and generalisation of robotics, so that transport workers are not left behind by this technological revolution;
Amendment 46 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated cars will require a high level of safe interaction with the transport infrastructure and that the high volume of data will need to be securely transferred in real time between automated vehicles and such infrastructure; such unprecedented volume of data raises significant questions about the value that can be created with it, and about how it must be shared between entrepreneurs, government, consumers contributing the data and society as a whole;
Amendment 47 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated cars will require a high level of safe interaction with the transport infrastructure and that the high volume of data will need to be securely transferred in real time between automated vehicles and such infrastructure; points out in this regard the need for a high density of secure high-speed wireless networks based on state-of-the art technologies;
Amendment 48 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated
Amendment 49 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated cars will require a high level of safe interaction with the transport infrastructure and that the high volume of data will need to be securely transferred in real time between automated vehicles and such infrastructure; calls on local and regional authorities to implement the applications required for the above purposes;
Amendment 5 #
Draft opinion Paragraph -1 (new) -1. notes that robotics does not only concern automated vehicles, but also remotely piloted aircraft systems (drones), automated subway systems, auto-piloted aircrafts as well as other types of transport modes;
Amendment 50 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated
Amendment 51 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated
Amendment 52 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated cars will require a high level of safe interaction with the transport infrastructure, existing traffic flows and their management and that the high volume of data will need to be
Amendment 53 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4.
Amendment 54 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated
Amendment 55 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4.
Amendment 56 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4.
Amendment 57 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. underlines that automated cars will
Amendment 58 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. warns, however, that data collection and processing must never intrude on the privacy of the end user;
Amendment 59 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Stresses the importance of smart and interconnected transport infrastructure and therefore calls on the Commission and the Member States to establish an appropriate comprehensive, cross-border and interoperable infrastructure;
Amendment 6 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1.
Amendment 60 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. stresses that technology of this type can bring benefits from the point of view both of tourism and of facilitating connections with remoter regions;
Amendment 61 #
Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Adds that access to these data must be facilitated in accordance with current regulations in order to best determine the responsibilities of the parties involved in the event of an accident for the benefit of the victims;
Amendment 62 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. underlines that it is necessary to focus on ensuring and strengthening the security of ICT
Amendment 63 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. underlines that it is necessary to focus on
Amendment 64 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. underlines that it is necessary to focus on ensuring and strengthening the security of IT regarding automated cars, while respecting the Union and Member States' legislation on privacy and data protection;
Amendment 65 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. underlines that it is necessary to focus on ensuring and strengthening the
Amendment 66 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. underlines that it is necessary to focus on ensuring and strengthening the security of IT regarding automated
Amendment 67 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. underlines that it is necessary to focus on ensuring and strengthening the security of IT regarding automated
Amendment 68 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. underlines that it is necessary to focus on ensuring and strengthening the security of IT regarding auto
Amendment 69 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Calls on the Commission to develop a civil liability regime, including on the burden of proof, adapted to the development of autonomous vehicles; stresses the importance of ensuring a clear division of responsibilities between the designers, the manufacturers of the various components and the assemblers of autonomous vehicles, the service providers (transport services or the services necessary for the operation of autonomous vehicles) and the end users in order to ensure the safety and rights of passengers, data protection and protection against piracy;
Amendment 7 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. takes view that the impact of automated vehicles on enhancing transport safety might potentially be a major one, since human errors are currently responsible for about 90% of road accidents; notes however that it will be impossible for automated vehicles to
Amendment 70 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. underlines the critical importance of reliable positioning and timing information provided by the European satellite navigation programmes Galileo and EGNOS for the implementation of automated vehicles, particularly for navigation and safety systems in automated vehicles on the one hand and for intelligent transport systems and traffic management systems on the other hand;
Amendment 71 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Calls on the Member States and the Commission to launch an in-depth study into the future implications of the increasing use of automated transport at the workplace and to seek adoption of the necessary framework legislative provisions, so as to make the transition as smooth as possible for workers affected, thereby ensuring the protection of jobs;
Amendment 72 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Draws attention to the high added value provided by autonomous vehicles for persons with reduced mobility, as such vehicles allow them to participate better in individual road transport and thereby facilitate their daily lives;
Amendment 73 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Calls on the Commission, which may be required to promote transport industries for a legitimate economic purpose, not to make the product user bear most of the burden of civil liability;
Amendment 74 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 b (new) 5b. Stresses that in case of damage, the consumer of a mobility service provided by an autonomous system cannot be made to bear the burden of proof of the causal link between the damage and the harmful event; furthermore, in order to protect victims, prior evidence of liability must not be required of them;
Amendment 75 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 b (new) 5b. Acknowledges that the unconsidered development of automated systems could engender serious social and economic dangers; calls on the Union and the Member States to seek a structured public debate with the direct involvement of civil society concerning the implications of these technological developments as soon as possible; urges those involved in research into the automatisation of transport to provide constructive input through a critical approach to their field of study;
Amendment 76 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. calls on the Commission to propose a single roadmap for automated and connected vehicles and other transportation and for closer collaboration of all relevant stakeholders, including a careful analysis and recommendations regarding the dynamics and the development of the market;
Amendment 77 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. calls on the Commission to
Amendment 78 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6.
Amendment 79 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. calls on the Commission to propose a single roadmap for auto
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. takes view that the impact of automated vehicles on enhancing transport safety might potentially be a major one, since human errors are currently responsible for about 90% of road accidents; notes however that
Amendment 80 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. calls on the Commission to propose
Amendment 81 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. calls on the Commission to prepare a clear Union legal framework on automated vehicles in order to respond to the technological development trends in the automotive sector and to ensure that the Union remains the leading car manufacturer thus contributing to the technological development and economic growth of the Union; urges the finalisation and launch, as soon as possible, of the satellites which are needed in order to complete the European Galileo positioning system, so that such system can be used as the default positioning system in automated vehicles;
Amendment 82 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. Calls on the Commission to specifically address the problem of the social reclassification of workers in road, sea and air transport so that improvements in and the generalisation of automatic vehicle technologies become synonymous with unemployment;
Amendment 83 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. bearing in mind that innovative technological solutions for automated vehicle applications are developing rapidly, calls on the Commission to draw up legislation on transport using the automated vehicles that will result from technological change;
Amendment 84 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. notes that the development of automated vehicles requires a proactive and committed institutional approach on the part of the Union and Member States as well as the involvement of technology centres and of the automotive industry;
Amendment 85 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. calls on the Commission to develop European infrastructural standards to allow the diffusion of autonomous vehicles and a road map to implement them;
Amendment 86 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. Calls for legislative frameworks for the deployment of unmanned aircraft in civil aviation to be created by 2017;
Amendment 87 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 b (new) 6b. Calls on the Commission and Member States to include the use of automated vehicles in the initial and advanced training of HGV drivers and to make this part of the training needed to obtain a car driving licence;
Amendment 88 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 b (new) 6b. invites the Commission to study the potential economic and social consequences of robotics and automation in the tourism sector and related industries;
Amendment 89 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 b (new) 6b. notes that the development of automated vehicles should always take into account Union legislation on personal data protection;
Amendment 9 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. takes view that the
Amendment 90 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 c (new) 6c. calls on the Commission to study the potential economic and social consequences of robotics and automation over the full life cycle of transport systems, including active and preventive maintenance, fleet management, temporary storage (e.g. parking systems for city vehicles), and dismantling and other operations guaranteeing a smooth flow of the corresponding materials into the circular economy;
Amendment 91 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 c (new) 6c. supports the impetus to the development and commercialization of automated and connected vehicles in the Union from 2019, in line with the Amsterdam Declaration of April 2016, and calls for the establishment of an appropriate Union technical and regulatory framework;
Amendment 92 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 d (new) 6d. notes that a potential authorization of the use of automated vehicles needs to have as a prerequisite certain regulatory and legislative changes. Some of those changes should be focused on insurance law and civil liability;
Amendment 93 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 e (new) 6e. concerning unmanned aircraft, recalls the measures set out in Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 20 February 2008, on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency1a to ensure homogeneity and safety; ________________ 1aRegulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 February 2008 on common rules in the field of civil aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency, and repealing Council Directive 91/670/EEC, Regulation (EC) No 1592/2002 and Directive 2004/36/EC (OJ L 79, 19.3.2008, p. 1).
source: 592.071
2016/10/11
LIBE
87 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. Whereas the development of robotics will bring
Amendment 10 #
Draft opinion Recital A b (new) Ab. Whereas a distinction ought to be drawn between, on the one hand, the recreational use of technology linked to robotics and artificial intelligence and, on the other hand, the professional use of such technology; whereas some particularly intrusive technologies should be banned in recreational use; whereas technology with a high risk of being intrusive should, as a necessity, abide by the principles of proportionality and legitimacy;
Amendment 11 #
Draft opinion Recital A b (new) Ab. Whereas the EU General Data Protection Regulation that will take effect in 2018, covers the developments in robotics and artificial intelligence and includes safeguards such as the restrictions of automated individual decision-making, which significantly affects the users;
Amendment 12 #
Draft opinion Recital A b (new) Ab. Whereas many third countries have adopted suitable guidelines and legislation on robotics and a number of Member States have also begun to look at specific aspects;
Amendment 13 #
Draft opinion Recital A c (new) Amendment 14 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Considers that guiding ethical rules and principles for the design, engineering and use of robots a
Amendment 15 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Considers that guiding ethical rules and principles for the design, engineering and use of robots and artificial intelligence are needed to complement the European legal framework
Amendment 16 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Considers that the identification of guiding ethical rules and principles for the design, engineering and use of robots
Amendment 17 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Considers that some guiding ethical rules and principles for the design, engineering and use of robots and artificial intelligence are
Amendment 18 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 1 1. Considers that guiding ethical
Amendment 19 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that robotics and artificial intelligence, especially those with built-in autonomy and the possibility of self- learning, should be subjected to the primary robotics laws or principles, such as a principle that a robot may do not harm to a human being and must obey a human being; these principles should also be in compliance with the rights and principles enshrined in the CFR, in particular human dignity, the respect for private and family life, the protection of personal data, the freedom of expression and information, equality and non-discrimination, solidarity, and citizens’ rights and justice, particularly in the case of cyber-physical systems (CPS) that can be worn on or implanted in the human body;
Amendment 2 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. Whereas the development of robotics will bring positive effects for the European Union economy but also for the daily life of individuals; whereas all robotics and artificial intelligence technology have to be developed and used with due regard for the fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights (CFR), in particular for the rights of data protection, privacy, liberty and
Amendment 20 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that robotics
Amendment 21 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that robotics and artificial intelligence, especially those with built-in autonomy or independence and the possibility of self-
Amendment 22 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that robotics and artificial intelligence, especially those with built-in autonomy and the possibility of self- learning, should be subjected to the primary robotics laws or principles, such as a principle that a robot may do not harm to a human being and must obey a human being; these principles should also be in compliance with the rights and principles enshrined in the CFR, in particular human dignity, the respect for and protection of private and family life, the protection of personal data, the freedom of expression and information, equality and non- discrimination, solidarity, and citizens’ rights and justice;
Amendment 23 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2. Believes that robotics and artificial intelligence, especially those with built-in autonomy and the possibility of self- learning, should be subjected to the primary robotics laws or principles, such as a principle that a robot may
Amendment 24 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 25 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) Amendment 26 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. Considers that robots should not be designed to exploit vulnerable users by evoking an emotional response or dependency;
Amendment 27 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 b (new) 2b. Underlines the "right to explanation" under the GDPR that allows users to ask for an explanation of an algorithmic decision that was made about them, thus ensuring fairness, inclusiveness and equality;
Amendment 28 #
2c. Calls for a strong collaboration between healthcare professionals and augmentation and rehabilitation robotics in order to fully respect the principles of medical ethics and make informed choices between the requirements of care efficacy, safety, patient independence, integrity, and privacy protection;
Amendment 29 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 d (new) 2d. Urges the relevant stakeholders in the field of health (researchers, healthcare providers, psychologists) to address the psychological impact of human-robot interaction in therapy, especially on the development of emotional capabilities, notably in early childhood and with vulnerable persons; furthermore, insists that there is a clear understanding of the status and capacities of the robot, avoiding the creation of a bonding or dependence of vulnerable persons and children on robotics, hence isolating them from reality;
Amendment 3 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. Whereas the development of robotics
Amendment 30 #
2e. Considers that robotics and artificial intelligence technologies extract, collect and share information of a particularly sensitive nature with a wide range of stakeholders, especially in fields such as homecare and health, but not only; a) insists that robotics and artificial intelligence should place the data subject at the centre and in control of personal data; b) calls on the Commission to define an "ethics by design" framework for researchers, academia, engineers in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence, that should be based on the principles enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (such as human dignity and human rights, equality, justice and equity, dignity, non-discrimination and non-stigmatisation, autonomy and individual responsibility, informed consent, privacy and social responsibility as well as the rights of the elderly, the integration of persons with disabilities, the right to healthcare, and the right to consumer protection), as well as on the principles of privacy by design and by default, proportionality and necessity, and on existing ethical practices and codes, without hindering research and technological developments;
Amendment 31 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 f (new) 2f. Welcomes the existence of the European Group on Ethics in Science and New Technologies and hopes that its mandate will allow it to lead the development of a European ethical framework that is based on privacy, conscious engineering and empowered individuals, and places human dignity in the technologies of the future; calls on the Commission to gather and connect various EU projects and initiatives in the field of ethics in robotics, such as SPARC and RoboLaw;
Amendment 32 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 g (new) 2g. Calls on the Commission to investigate the societal effects of human enhancement through robotics, with a particular focus on social behaviour;
Amendment 33 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 h (new) Amendment 34 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 2 i (new) 2i. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to promote a strong and transparent cooperation between the public, private sector and academia that would reinforce knowledge sharing in the field of robotics and constantly evaluate the ethical implications and respect of fundamental rights in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence;
Amendment 35 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 3 3. Reiterates that the right to the protection of private life and the right to the protection of personal data as enshrined in Article 7 and 8 CFR and Article 16 TFEU apply to all areas of robotics and artificial intelligence and that the Union legal framework for data protection must
Amendment 36 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Calls on the Commission to ensure that any Union legislation on robotics and artificial intelligence will include rules on privacy and data protection, the requirement to follow principles of privacy by design and by default as well as principles of proportionality and necessity regarding the processing of data, in view of the fact that cyber-physical systems (CPS) are systems which comprise networked computers, robots and artificial intelligence and which interact with an integrated, artificial environment, and that certain elements of these systems can be worn on the human body or even implanted in the human body, all of which raises far-reaching ethical, human rights and social-philosophical questions, particularly with regard to self- determination, personal integrity and data protection; calls for the review of rules, principles and criteria regarding the use of cameras and sensors in robots and artificial intelligence in accordance with the Union legal framework for data protection;
Amendment 37 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Calls on the Commission to ensure that any Union legislation on robotics
Amendment 38 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Calls on the Commission to ensure that any Union legislation on robotics and artificial intelligence will include rules on privacy and data protection, the requirement to follow principles of privacy by design and by default as well as principles of proportionality and necessity regarding the processing of data; calls for the review of rules, principles and criteria
Amendment 39 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Calls on the Commission to ensure that any Union legislation on robotics and artificial intelligence will include rules on privacy and data protection, the requirement to follow principles of privacy by design and by default as well as principles of proportionality and necessity regarding the processing of data; as well as the principles of data minimisation and purpose limitation, calls for the review of rules, principles and criteria regarding the use of cameras and sensors in robots and artificial intelligence in accordance with the Union legal framework for data protection;
Amendment 4 #
Draft opinion Recital A A. Whereas the development of robotics will
Amendment 40 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Calls on the Commission to ensure that
Amendment 41 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 4. Calls on the Commission to ensure that any Union legislation on robotics and artificial intelligence will include rules on privacy and data protection, the requirement to follow principles of privacy by design and by default as well as principles of proportionality and necessity regarding the processing of data; calls for the review of rules, principles and criteria regarding the use of cameras and sensors for monitoring and/or recording in robots and artificial intelligence in accordance with the Union legal framework for data protection;
Amendment 42 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Calls on the Commission to ensure that all future legislation on robotics and artificial intelligence includes rules and measures with regard to the provision of information to users and to transparency concerning automated or robotic decision-making tools or such tools based on artificial intelligence that have an impact on the fundamental rights of those users; on this point, stresses the need to put in place control mechanisms and appropriate remedies.
Amendment 43 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Highlights the importance of preventing mass-surveillance through robotics and artificial intelligence technologies;
Amendment 44 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 b (new) 4b. Highlights that the transparency and comprehensibility of the process by which domestic robots collect, process, and make use of personal data, including the terms of use of algorithms are key;
Amendment 45 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 c (new) 4c. Calls for the education and training of consumers on how to use a robot or artificial intelligence technologies, with a focus on topics like safety and data privacy;
Amendment 46 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 4 d (new) 4d. Calls for robots or artificial intelligence technologies to be designed with user friendly opt-out mechanisms (kill switches) that users can apply in case they notice an error or misuse of their data;
Amendment 47 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. Underlines that the free flow of data is a basis for the digital economy and is essential for the development of robotics; highlights, however, that high security of robotics and artificial intelligence systems as a whole, including their internal data systems and data flows, is crucial for the adequate utilisation of robots and artificial intelligence, particularly in the case of cyber-physical systems (CPS) which can be worn on or implanted in the human body; stresses that a high level of safety, security and privacy of data used for the communication between people and robots and artificial intelligence, including the basic principle that it is the person wearing the device who has the right to dispose of devices worn on or in the human body and of the data collected by these devices, together with high quality of voice recognition systems, has to be ensured; calls on the Commission and Member States to support and incentivise the development of the necessary technology, including security by design and channels of communication, bearing in mind that the development of robotics can leave people in a vulnerable position, which in turn can lead to conflicts of interest between individuals and society, so that these innovations should only be supported if humans’ inalienable rights are also protected;
Amendment 48 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. Underlines that the free flow of data within the European Union is a basis for the digital economy and is essential for the development of robotics; highlights that high security of robotics and artificial intelligence systems and related innovative disciplines as a whole, including their internal data and metadata systems and data flows, is crucial for the adequate utilisation of robots
Amendment 49 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. Underlines that the free flow of data is a basis for the digital economy and is essential for the development of robotics; highlights that high security of robotics and artificial intelligence systems as a whole, including their internal data systems and data flows, is crucial for the adequate utilisation of robots and artificial intelligence; stresses that a
Amendment 5 #
Draft opinion Recital A a (new) Aa. Whereas all the research and innovation activities carried out under Horizon 2020, Article 19, shall comply with ethical principles and relevant national, EU and international legislation, including the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the European Convention on Human Rights and its Supplementary Protocols, with a particular focus on the principle of proportionality, the right to privacy, the right to the protection of personal data, the right to the physical and mental integrity of a person, the right to non-discrimination;
Amendment 50 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. Underlines that the free flow of data is
Amendment 51 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. Underlines that the free flow of data is a basis for the digital economy and is essential for the development of robotics; highlights that high security of robotics and artificial intelligence systems as a whole, including their internal data systems and data flows, is crucial for the adequate utilisation of robots and artificial intelligence; stresses that a high level of safety, security and privacy of data used for the communication between people and robots and artificial intelligence, together with high quality of voice and sign language recognition systems, has to be ensured; calls on the Commission and Member States to support and incentivise the development of the necessary technology, including security by design and channels of communication;
Amendment 52 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 5. Underlines that the free flow of data is a basis for the digital economy and is essential for the development of robotics; highlights that high security of robotics and artificial intelligence systems as a whole, including their internal data systems and data flows, is crucial for the adequate utilisation of robots and artificial intelligence; stresses that a high level of safety, security and privacy of data used for the communication between people and robots and artificial intelligence, together with high quality of voice recognition systems, has to be ensured; calls on the Commission and Member States to support and incentivise the development of the necessary technology, including security by design and channels of communication and encoding;
Amendment 53 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Underlines that an emotional connection may develop between the human and the robot ‒ particularly in vulnerable groups (children, the elderly and people with disabilities) ‒ and highlights the serious emotional or physical impact that this emotional attachment could have on the human user if the CPS is turned off, or if data is lost or deleted;
Amendment 54 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Calls on the European Commission to monitor the network learning processes in interconnected artificial intelligence or robots, with regard to potential misuse of personal data or security breaches that may arise, as well as data ownership, control, and storage;
Amendment 55 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Commercial software and hardware producers shall be held responsible despite non liability clauses in users' agreements in case of gross negligence regarding safety and security.
Amendment 56 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 5 b (new) 5b. Whereas, data breaches and cyber- attacks represent key issues, especially in the development of interconnected systems that collect and process large amounts of data, there is a need for complex implemented (by design) cybersecurity systems that can secure personal and machine generated data; considers end-to-end encryption key to securing data and encourages further research in this domain;
Amendment 57 #
Draft opinion Subheading 4 Drones
Amendment 58 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. Underlines that
Amendment 59 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 6. Underlines that when personal data are processed by RPAS, whether by public authorities for law enforcement purposes or by private or public entities for other purposes, the right to the protection of private life and the right to the protection of personal data as enshrined in Article 7 and 8 CFR and Article 16 TFEU apply and the Union legal framework for data protection and rights to freedom and safety must be fully complied with;
Amendment 6 #
Draft opinion Recital A a (new) Aa. Whereas developing 28 national bodies of legislation governing the use of robotics and artificial intelligence technology would lead to a fragmentation of the rules in force within the European Union, and would constitute an obstacle to the development of the single European market and the establishment of high- level common safeguards with regard to the protection of citizens’ fundamental rights to privacy, the protection of personal data, security and safety;
Amendment 60 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. Reiterates its call on the EU Council to develop an EU common position on the use of armed drones, giving the utmost importance to respect for human rights and international humanitarian law and addressing issues such as the legal framework, proportionality, accountability, the protection of civilians and transparency; urges the EU once again to ban the production, development, and use of fully autonomous weapons which enable strikes to be carried out without human intervention; insists that human rights should be part of all;
Amendment 61 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. Calls on the Commission to examine the obligation to fit RPAS with a traceability and identification system which enables the aircrafts’ real-time positions during use to be determined, as well as that of the owner of the device;
Amendment 62 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. Acknowledges the positive advances in Drone technology, particularly in the field of search and rescue, and maintains this is the direction the European Union should be going in relation to advancing drone technology.
Amendment 63 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 a (new) 6a. Calls, therefore, as a matter of urgency, for a rigorous and effective EU framework to be established that will restrict the use of electronic remote- controlled aerial systems and unmanned aircraft;
Amendment 64 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 b (new) 6b. All developments in this field must abide by the strictest of ethical and human rights standards in relation to privacy and protection of data. This technology should only be applied in a constructive, progressive and social capacity. EU research and innovation funds should never be used to advance the development of unmanned military appliances. Likewise, funds should not be awarded to any project that may possess dual civil and military use.
Amendment 65 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 b (new) 6b. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to launch a broad inter- governmental policy dialogue aimed at achieving international consensus on: (a) the legal standards governing the use of currently operational unmanned weapon systems, and; (b) the legal constraints and/or ethical reservations which may apply with regard to the future development, proliferation and use of increasingly autonomous weapon systems;
Amendment 66 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 b (new) 6b. Underlines the need to promote a policy response at global level on the use of armed drones, aimed at keeping their use strictly within the limits of international human rights and humanitarian law; to promote a ban on the development, production and use of fully autonomous weapons which enable strikes to be carried out without human intervention; to make sure that human rights are part of all dialogues with third countries on counter-terrorism;
Amendment 67 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 c (new) 6c. Based on the outcome of the preceding consensus building process, the EU should work towards the adoption of a binding international agreement, aiming to restrict the development, proliferation and use of certain unmanned weapon systems;
Amendment 68 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 d (new) 6d. Considers that any legislation on the use of drones and unmanned robots in warfare should be based on International Human Rights Law, International Humanitarian Law and Protection of the Right to Life under Custom, Law of Armed Conflict and General Principles of Law;
Amendment 69 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 6 e (new) 6e. Insists that in the implementation of the principle of distinction, those responsible for planning and conducting a military attack must take all feasible precautions to avoid erroneous targeting and the infliction of incidental civilian harm ("collateral damage"), as whilst some war drones and unmanned robots are programmed to make a distinction between civilians and military party, the decision making process in these cases is not clear;
Amendment 7 #
Draft opinion Recital A a (new) Aa. Whereas technological advancements in the area of robotics and artificial intelligence can be a factor in ensuring and improving fundamental rights for people with disabilities; notes therefore that it is crucial to ensure inclusive and equal access to these technologies;
Amendment 70 #
Draft opinion Subheading 5 a (new) Minors 8. Stresses that the development of robotics ought to take into consideration the impacts on vulnerable individuals, and in particular on minors, and therefore considers that when drafting appropriate legislation this particular aspect should be taken into account; (This new subheading 5a with the new paragraph 8 should come after what in PA is the last subheading entitled "Code of Conduct" and paragraph 7 (i.e. after all the new additions to paragraph 7 resulting from amendments))
Amendment 71 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. Considers that appropriate legislation should be accompanied by
Amendment 72 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. Considers that appropriate legislation should be accompanied by encouragement of a soft law framework, code of conduct or public-private partnerships, in order to ensure the cooperation of the industry and robotic designers with public authorities; believes that such instruments should focus on practical solutions to ensure privacy and data protection, the security and ethics of the robotics industry, and the proper use of robots and artificial intelligence on a daily basis; highlights the risk of CPS in the human body being hacked or turned off, or memory being deleted, as this could endanger people’s health, or in extreme cases people’s lives, and therefore stresses that protecting these systems is paramount;
Amendment 73 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. Considers that appropriate legislation should be accompanied by encouragement of a soft law framework, code of conduct or public-private partnerships, in order to ensure the cooperation of the industry and robotic designers with public authorities; believes that such instruments should focus on practical solutions to ensure privacy and data protection, the security and ethics of the robotics industry, and the proper use of robots and artificial intelligence on a daily basis. calls on the Commission to present guidelines for the adoption of ethical principles accompanying future robotics regulations and, in particular, forward- looking standards in line with future technological developments;
Amendment 74 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. Considers that appropriate legislation should be accompanied
Amendment 75 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 7. Considers that appropriate legislation should be accompanied by encouragement of a
Amendment 76 #
7a. It should be a basic principle that nobody can be discriminated against because a CPS or another enabling technology is an integral part of their body, whether the smart technology has been implanted in the human body to treat a condition, compensate for a disability or improve the capabilities of the human body; in this respect, questions must be answered regarding the point at which humans cease to be humans and become robots, which may result in human rights being conferred on robots; research should be carried out to determine whether there is a difference between the rights of a robotic human (i.e. integrated with CPS) and those of a human robot (for example, the capacity to learn, feel emotions and potentially become conscious).
Amendment 77 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 a (new) 7a. Calls for a horizontal approach in the legal framework for robotics and artificial intelligence that combines already existing regulatory frameworks in various sectors that robotics would be applied to, such as transport, health, industrial manufacturing, telecoms, law enforcement and many others;
Amendment 78 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 a (new) 7a. Special attention should be paid to care robots that pose a significant privacy threat as they are expected to provide new points of access to traditionally protected spaces through the extraction and transmission of sensitive personal data information;
Amendment 79 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 a (new) 7a. Calls on the Commission to develop and adopt a comprehensive plan for studies on the possible consequences which invasive technologies will have on civil liberties and fundamental rights;
Amendment 8 #
Draft opinion Recital A a (new) Aa. Whereas data protection and respect for intellectual property must be taken into account in the development of all new technological and production models;
Amendment 80 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 b (new) 7b. Calls on the Commission to create an action plan to facilitate the democratisation of citizens’ access to robotics, artificial intelligence and other related innovative disciplines;
Amendment 81 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 b (new) 7b. The dual character of technology's impact on human capabilities has to be always considered in ethical and regulatory terms;
Amendment 82 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 c (new) 7c. Calls on the Commission and Member States, in view of the possible structural risks that might arise in the decades ahead, to place greater emphasis on policies that are representative of social rights, such as the citizens’ income;
Amendment 83 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 c (new) 7c. Underlying algorithms and their parameters should be made explicit as a mandatory requirement;
Amendment 84 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 d (new) 7d. Calls on Member States and the Commission to increasingly promote digital teaching and training in policies relating to the right to study;
Amendment 85 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 d (new) 7d. Special training on the ethical aspects in the design of algorithms should be followed by designers of robots and artificial intelligence;
Amendment 86 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 e (new) 7e. Designers of robotics and artificial intelligence have a responsibility to develop and follow procedures for valid consent, confidentiality, anonymity, fair treatment and due process;
Amendment 87 #
Draft opinion Paragraph 7 e (new) 7e. Calls on the Commission to carry out studies examining more deeply the possible correlation, in the years ahead, between automation and migration.
Amendment 9 #
Draft opinion Recital A a (new) Aa. Whereas the widespread and increasingly frequent use of robotics and artificial intelligence has undoubtedly provoked a variety of reactions and objections;
source: 592.162
2016/10/26
JURI
384 amendments...
Amendment 1 #
Motion for a resolution Citation 1 a (new) - having regard to the Protocol (No 1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union on the role of national Parliaments in the European Union,
Amendment 10 #
Motion for a resolution Recital B B. whereas now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence ("AI")
Amendment 100 #
Motion for a resolution Recital S S. whereas the more autonomous robots are, the less they can be considered simple tools in the hands of other actors (such as the manufacturer, the operator, the owner, the user, etc.); whereas this, in turn, makes the ordinary rules on liability insufficient and calls for new rules which focus on how a machine can be held – partly or entirely – responsible for its acts or omissions;
Amendment 101 #
Motion for a resolution Recital S S. whereas the more autonomous robots are, the less they can be considered simple tools in the hands of other actors (such as the manufacturer, the owner, the user
Amendment 102 #
Motion for a resolution Recital S S. whereas the more autonomous robots are, the less they can be considered simple tools in the hands of other actors (such as the manufacturer, the owner, the user, etc.); whereas this, in turn,
Amendment 103 #
Motion for a resolution Recital S S. whereas the more autonomous robots are, the less they can be considered simple tools in the hands of other actors (such as the manufacturer, the owner, the user, etc.); whereas this, in turn, ma
Amendment 104 #
Motion for a resolution Recital S S. whereas the more autonomous robots are, the less they can be considered simple tools in the hands of other actors (such as the manufacturer, the owner, the user, etc.); whereas this, in turn, makes the ordinary rules on liability insufficient and calls for new rules which focus on how a
Amendment 105 #
Motion for a resolution Recital S S. whereas the more autonomous robots are, the less they can be considered simple tools in the hands of other actors (such as the manufacturer, the owner, the user, etc.); whereas this, in turn, may make
Amendment 106 #
Motion for a resolution Recital S S. whereas the more autonomous robots are, the less they can be considered simple tools in the hands of other actors
Amendment 107 #
Motion for a resolution Recital T Amendment 108 #
Motion for a resolution Recital T T. whereas
Amendment 109 #
Motion for a resolution Recital T T. whereas
Amendment 11 #
Motion for a resolution Recital B B. whereas now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence (”AI”) seem poised to unleash a new industrial revolution, which is likely to leave no stratum of society untouched, it is vitally important for the legislature to consider
Amendment 110 #
Motion for a resolution Recital T T. whereas, ultimately, robots
Amendment 111 #
Motion for a resolution Recital T T. whereas, ultimately, robots
Amendment 112 #
Motion for a resolution Recital T T. whereas, ultimately, robots' autonomy raises the question of their nature in the light of the existing legal categories – of whether they should be regarded as natural persons, legal persons,
Amendment 113 #
Motion for a resolution Recital T a (new) Ta. whereas it is unclear by which responsibility scheme distributed autonomous organisations (DAOs), organisations run by rules encoded in computer programmes, would abide under the law, while such legal uncertainty can significantly impact research, innovation, industrial development and consumer protection;
Amendment 114 #
Motion for a resolution Recital U U. whereas under the current legal framework, complex robots
Amendment 115 #
Motion for a resolution Recital U U. whereas under the current legal framework robots cannot be held liable per se for acts or omissions that cause damage to third parties; whereas the existing rules on liability cover cases where the cause of the robot’s act or omission can be traced back to a specific human agent such as the manufacturer, the owner or the user and where that agent could have foreseen and avoided the robot’s harmful behaviour; whereas, in addition, manufacturers, owners or users could be held strictly liable for acts or omissions of a robot
Amendment 116 #
Motion for a resolution Recital U U. whereas under the current legal framework robots cannot be held liable per se for acts or omissions that cause damage to third parties; whereas the existing rules on liability cover cases where the cause of the robot’s act or omission can be traced back to a specific human agent such as the manufacturer, the operator, the owner or the user and where that agent could have foreseen and avoided the robot’s harmful behaviour; whereas, in addition, manufacturers, operators, owners or users could be held strictly liable for acts or omissions of a robot if, for example, the robot were categorised as a dangerous object or if it fell within product liability rules;
Amendment 117 #
Motion for a resolution Recital U U. whereas under the current legal framework robots cannot be held liable per se for acts or omissions that cause damage to third parties; whereas the existing rules on liability cover cases where the cause of the robot’s act or omission can be traced back to a specific human agent such as the manufacturer, the owner or the user and where that agent could have foreseen and avoided the robot’s harmful behaviour; whereas, in addition, manufacturers, owners or users could be held
Amendment 118 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph U a (new) Ua. whereas according to the current legal framework product liability - where the producer of a product is liable for a malfunction- and rules governing liability for harmful actions -where the user of a product is liable for a behaviour that leads to harm- apply to damages caused by robots or AI;
Amendment 119 #
Motion for a resolution Recital V V. whereas in the scenario where a robot c
Amendment 12 #
Motion for a resolution Recital B B. whereas
Amendment 120 #
Motion for a resolution Recital V V. whereas in the scenario where a robot can take autonomous decisions, the traditional rules in force will not suffice to activate a robot
Amendment 121 #
Motion for a resolution Recital V V. whereas in the scenario where a robot can take autonomous decisions, the traditional rules will not suffice to activate a robot
Amendment 122 #
Motion for a resolution Recital V V. whereas in the scenario where a robot can take autonomous decisions, the traditional rules
Amendment 123 #
Motion for a resolution Recital V V. whereas in the scenario where a robot can take autonomous decisions, the traditional rules
Amendment 124 #
Motion for a resolution Recital X X. whereas the shortcomings of the current legal framework are also apparent in the area of contractual liability insofar as machines designed to choose their
Amendment 125 #
Motion for a resolution Recital X X. whereas the shortcomings of the current legal framework are apparent in the area of contractual liability insofar as machines designed to choose their counterparts, negotiate contractual terms, conclude contracts and decide whether and how to implement them make the traditional rules inapplicable, which highlights the need for new, more up-to- date ones, applicable to robots acting as contracting parties;
Amendment 126 #
Motion for a resolution Recital X X. whereas the shortcomings of the current legal framework are apparent in the area of contractual liability insofar as they are machines designed to choose their counterparts, negotiate contractual terms, conclude contracts and decide whether and how to implement them
Amendment 127 #
Motion for a resolution Recital X X. whereas
Amendment 128 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Y Y. whereas, as regards non-contractual liability, Council Directive 85/374/EEC of 25 July 19853 can only cover damage caused by a robot's manufacturing defects and on condition that the injured person is able to prove the actual damage, the defect
Amendment 129 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Z Amendment 13 #
Motion for a resolution Recital B a (new) Ba. whereas there is a need to create a generally accepted definition of robot and AI that is flexible and is not hindering innovation;
Amendment 130 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Z Z. whereas, notwithstanding the scope of the Directive 85/374/EEC, the current legal framework would not be sufficient to cover the damage caused by the new generation of robots, insofar as they can be equipped with adaptive and learning abilities entailing a certain degree of unpredictability in their behaviour, since these robots would autonomously learn from their own, variable experience and interact with their environment in a unique and unforeseeable manner, and whereas it cannot be predicted at which point in the learning process the robot will reach the level when it ceases to be a simple tool for human use;
Amendment 131 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Z Z. whereas, notwithstanding the scope of the Directive 85/374/EEC, the current legal framework would not be sufficient to cover the damage caused by the new generation of robots, insofar as they can be equipped with adaptive and learning abilities entailing a certain degree of unpredictability in their behaviour, since these robots would autonomously learn from their own, variable experience and interact with their environment in a unique and unforeseeable manner beyond any initial arrangements and guidelines;
Amendment 132 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Z Z. whereas, notwithstanding the scope of the Directive 85/374/EEC, the current legal framework would not be sufficient to cover the damage caused by the new generation of robots, insofar as they are autonomous and/or can be equipped with adaptive and learning abilities entailing a certain degree of unpredictability in their behaviour, since these robots would autonomously learn from their own, variable experience and interact with their environment in a unique and unforeseeable manner;
Amendment 133 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 1. Calls on the Commission to propose a common European definition of smart autonomous robots and their subcategories by taking into consideration the following characteristics of a smart robot: acquires autonomy through sensors and/or by exchanging data with its environment (inter-connectivity) and trades and analyses these data; is self-learning from experience and by interaction (optional criterion)
Amendment 134 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 1. Calls on the Commission to propose a common European definition of smart autonomous robots and their subcategories by taking into consideration the following characteristics of a smart robot and an autonomous system: o acquires autonomy through sensors and/or by exchanging data with its
Amendment 135 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 1. Calls on the Commission to propose a common European definition of smart autonomous robots and their subcategories by taking into consideration the following characteristics of a smart robot: o acquires autonomy through sensors and/or by exchanging data with its environment (inter-connectivity) and trades and analyses data o is self-learning (optional criterion) o has a physical support o adapts its behaviours and actions to its environment o is not alive in the biological sense;
Amendment 136 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 – introductory part 1. Calls on the Commission to propose a common European definition of cyber physical systems, smart autonomous robots and their subcategories by taking into consideration the following characteristics of a smart robot:
Amendment 137 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 – introductory part 1. Calls on the Commission to propose a common European definition of smart autonomous robots and their subcategories by taking into consideration
Amendment 138 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 1 – introductory part 1. Calls on the Commission to
Amendment 139 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 2. Considers that, within the internal market of the European Union, a system of registration of advanced robots should be introduced, and calls on the Commission to establish criteria for the classification of robots with a view to identifying the robots that would need to be registered; in this context, calls on the Commission to investigate the opportunity to manage the registration system and the related register by an EU Agency for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence;
Amendment 14 #
Motion for a resolution Recital B b (new) Bb. whereas according to the robotics sector researchers and innovators it might be too early to create a liability framework for robots and AI, adding that at this stage it could hinder innovation;
Amendment 140 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 2. Considers that a system of registration of advanced robots should be introduced, and calls on the Commission to establish criteria for the classification of robots with a view to identifying the robots that would need to be registered, when technological advancement has reached this level of sophistication in robotics and artificial intelligence;
Amendment 141 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 2. Considers that a system of registration of advanced robots
Amendment 142 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 2. Considers that a comprehensive system of registration of advanced robots should be introduced, and calls on the Commission to establish criteria for the classification of robots with a view to
Amendment 143 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 2. Considers that a European system of registration of advanced robots should be introduced, and calls on the Commission to establish criteria for the classification of robots with a view to identifying the robots that would need to be registered;
Amendment 144 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 2. Considers that a system of registration of advanced robots
Amendment 145 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 2.
Amendment 146 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 2 a (new) 2a. Considers that companies that manufacture robots should also record in this register the algorithms used to programme intelligent machines;
Amendment 147 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Underlines that many robotic applications are still in an experimental phase; welcomes the fact that more and more research projects are being funded with national and European money as this is essential that the European Union together with Member states, through public funding, remains a leader in research in robotics and AI; calls on the Commission and the Member States to strengthen financial instruments for research projects in robotics and ICT and to implement in their research policies the principles of open science and open innovation; emphasises that sufficient resources need to be devoted to the search for solutions to the social and ethical challenges that the technological development and its applications raise;
Amendment 148 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Underlines that many robotic applications are still in an experimental phase; welcomes the fact that more and more research projects are being funded with national and European money; calls on the Commission and the Member States to strengthen financial instruments for research projects in robotics and ICT, including public-private partnerships; emphasises that sufficient resources need to be devoted to the search for solutions to the social and ethical challenges that the technological development and its applications raise, the sole focus on technology being insufficient without the simultaneous development of a completed neuroscience taking into account human abilities and safety;
Amendment 149 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Underlines that many robotic applications are still in an experimental phase; welcomes the fact that more and more research projects are being funded with national and European money; calls on the Commission and the Member States
Amendment 15 #
Motion for a resolution Recital C C. whereas between 2010 and 2014 the average increase in sales of robots stood at 17% per year and in 2014 sales rose by 29%, the highest year-on-year increase ever, with automotive parts suppliers and the electrical/electronics industry being the main drivers of the growth; whereas annual patent filings for robotics technology have tripled over the last decade due to the uncertain nature of research and development cycle outcomes;
Amendment 150 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Underlines that many robotic applications are still in an experimental phase; welcomes the fact that more and more research projects are being funded with national and European money; calls on the Commission and the Member States to
Amendment 151 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Underlines that many robotic applications are still in an experimental phase;
Amendment 152 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 3 3. Underlines that many robotic applications are still in an experimental phase; welcomes the fact that more and more research projects are being funded with national and European money; calls on the Commission and the Member States to strengthen financial instruments for research projects in robotics and ICT; emphasises that sufficient resources need to be devoted to the search for solutions to the social and ethical challenges that
Amendment 153 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 4. Asks the Commission to foster research programmes that include a mechanism for short-term verification of the outcomes in order to understand what real risks and opportunities are associated with the dissemination of these technologies; calls on the Commission to combine all its effort in order to guarantee a smoother transition for these technologies from research to commercialisation on the market, after proper risk and safety evaluation, registration and other necessary technical checks; calls for the creation of a European-wide research and development project on robotics and neuroscience;
Amendment 154 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 4. Asks the Commission to foster research programmes that include, in addition to the prior analysis of the opportunity, a mechanism for short-term verification of the outcomes in order to understand what real risks and opportunities are associated with the dissemination of these technologies; calls on the Commission to combine all its effort in order to guarantee a smoother transition for these technologies from research to commercialisation and use on the market, in compliance with the precautionary principle;
Amendment 155 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 4. Asks the Commission to foster research programmes that include a mechanism for short-term and meaningful verification of the outcomes in order to understand what real risks and opportunities are associated with the dissemination of these technologies; calls on the Commission to combine all its effort in order to guarantee an unhindered, socially positive and smooth
Amendment 156 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 4. Asks the Commission to
Amendment 157 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 4. Asks the Commission to foster research programmes that i
Amendment 158 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Calls on the Commission to draw up a legal framework to protect the rights of advanced, artificially created entities, whether robots or general artificial intelligences (AI), so as to ensure first and foremost the right of these entities to exist, establishing the conditions under which the existence of such entities may be terminated and, above all, ensuring the right to self-determination for entities that are self-aware or are beginning to be self- aware;
Amendment 159 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Stresses the need to prevent attempts to turn the human in general and the human body in particular into a tool; stresses the need to prohibit definitively any attempt to permanently artificially or genetically develop or enhance existing human abilities with a view to creating more productive meta-humans;
Amendment 16 #
Motion for a resolution Recital C C. whereas between 2010 and 2014 the average increase in sales of robots stood at 17 % per year and in 2014 sales rose by 29 %, the highest year-on-year increase ever, which is expected to be intensified even further, with automotive parts suppliers and the electrical/electronics industry currently being the main drivers of the growth; whereas annual patent filings for robotics technology have tripled over the last decade;
Amendment 160 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 a (new) 4 a. Notes that the development of artificial intelligence and robotics should be done in such a manner that the environmental impact is limited through effective energy consumption, the use of renewable energy and of scarce materials, and minimal waste and reparability.
Amendment 161 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 a (new) 4a. Considers it essential, in the development of robotics and AI, to guarantee that humans have control over intelligent machines at all times;
Amendment 162 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 b (new) 4b. Calls on the Commission to draw up a legal framework to ensure the legal protection of the intangible creations of these entities within a scope similar to that provided today to the intellectual property of natural persons
Amendment 163 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 b (new) 4b. Considers that when developing new intelligent machines, designers should always include status indicators that provide the user with information in real time, insofar as this is compatible with the design brief;
Amendment 164 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 b (new) 4 b. Calls on the Commission and Member states to stimulate research on the possible long-term risks of artificial intelligence and robotics technologies, and on how they might be mitigated or avoided;
Amendment 165 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 c (new) 4c. Considers that in preservation of the fundamental principle of transparency, and to allow us to understand and be aware at all times of the decisions taken by intelligent machines, any robotic application capable of performing similar tasks to those performed by humans should be equipped with a ‘black box’ which records data on every transaction carried out by the machine, including the logic that contributed to its decisions;
Amendment 166 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 4 d (new) 4d. Highlights that the algorithms used to programme intelligent machines should be put together in line with a clear and precise code of ethics, which also allows robots capable of learning to respect ethical principles in the tasks they perform;
Amendment 167 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics is nuanced by a set of tensions or risks relating to human safety, privacy, integrity, dignity, autonomy and data ownership, therefore European and international human rights principles must also be considered valid in robotics in order to preserve human dignity and integrity, and since the development of robotics may make humans vulnerable, resulting in potential conflicts between the interests of individuals and society, innovation may only be supported together with the protection of unalienable human rights;
Amendment 168 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that the potential for empowerment of robotics has risks connected with the definition of human nature; notes, in addition, that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics is nuanced by a set of tensions or risks relating to human safety, privacy, integrity, dignity, autonomy and data ownership; stresses that safeguarding humanity from the above-mentioned risks must be a precondition for the development of robotics;
Amendment 169 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics is nuanced by a set of tensions or risks relating to human safety, freedom, health, privacy, integrity, dignity, autonomy
Amendment 17 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D D. whereas in the short to medium term robotics and AI promise to bring benefits of efficiency and savings, not only in production and commerce, but also in areas such as transport, medical care, security, education
Amendment 170 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics is nuanced by a set of tensions or risks relating to human safety, privacy, integrity, dignity, autonomy, non-discrimination, ethics, security and data ownership;
Amendment 171 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics is nuanced by a set of tensions or risks relating to human safety, privacy, integrity, dignity, autonomy, self-determination and data ownership;
Amendment 172 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics is nuanced by a set of tensions or risks relating to human safety, privacy, confidentiality, integrity, dignity, autonomy and data ownership;
Amendment 173 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics is nuanced by a set of tensions or potential risks relating to human safety, privacy, data protection, integrity, dignity
Amendment 174 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 5. Notes that the potential for empowerment through the use of robotics
Amendment 175 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Stresses that an emotional connection may develop between the human and the robot ‒ particularly in vulnerable groups (children, the elderly and people with disabilities) ‒ and highlights the issues raised by the serious emotional or physical impact that this emotional attachment could have on the human user if the cyber physical system (CPS) is turned off, or if data is lost or deleted;
Amendment 176 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 5 a (new) 5a. Notes that to uphold these fundamental rights, ethics committees with special powers should be set up, perhaps as part of a European agency, and those committees should be able to take a holistic approach to the entire robotics research and development ecosystem;
Amendment 177 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 6 6. Considers that a guiding ethical framework for the design, production and use of robots is needed to complement the legal recommendations of the report and the existing national and Union acquis;
Amendment 178 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 6 6. Considers that a guiding ethical framework for the design, production, transport, modification and use of robots is needed to complement the legal recommendations of the report and the existing national and Union acquis; proposes, in the annex to the resolution, a framework in the form of a charter consisting of a code of conduct for robotics engineers, of a code for research ethics committees when reviewing robotics protocols and of model licences for designers and users, respectively;
Amendment 179 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 6 6. Considers that a guiding and efficient ethical framework for the design, production, development and use of robots is needed to complement the legal recommendations of the report and the existing national and Union acquis; proposes, in the annex to the resolution, a framework in the form of a charter consisting of a code of conduct for robotics engineers, of a code for research ethics committees when reviewing robotics protocols and of model licences for designers and users;
Amendment 18 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D D. whereas in the short to medium term robotics and AI promise to bring benefits of efficiency and savings, not only in production and commerce, but also in areas such as transport, medical care, education and farming, while making it possible to avoid exposing humans to dangerous conditions, such as those faced when cleaning up toxically polluted sites;
Amendment 180 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 6 6. Considers that a clear and strict guiding ethical framework for the design, production and use of robots is needed to complement the legal recommendations of the report and the existing national and Union acquis; proposes, in the annex to the resolution, a framework in the form of a charter consisting of a code of conduct for robotics engineers, of a code for research ethics committees when reviewing robotics protocols and of model licences for designers and users;
Amendment 181 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 6 a (new) 6 a. Highlights the principle of transparency, that it should always be possible to supply the rationale behind any decision taken with the aid of AI that can have a substantive impact on one or more person´s lives; considers that it must always be possible to reduce the AI system´s computations to humanly- comprehensible form;
Amendment 182 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 7. Points out that the guiding ethical framework should be based on the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy, as well as on the principles enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Amendment 183 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 7. Points out that the guiding ethical framework should be based on the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence
Amendment 184 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 7. Points out that the guiding ethical framework should be based on the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy,
Amendment 185 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 7. Points out that the guiding ethical framework should be based on the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and autonomy, as well as on the principles enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, such as human dignity and human rights, equality, justice and equity, non-discrimination and non- stigmatisation, transparency, autonomy and individual responsibility, informed consent, privacy and social responsibility, and on existing ethical practices and codes;
Amendment 186 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 7. Points out that the guiding ethical framework should be based on the
Amendment 187 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 a (new) 7a. Calls on the Member States and the Commission to encourage the initiation of a structured public dialogue on the consequences of developing those technologies as soon as possible; calls on the stakeholders involved in the research and development of the robotics and artificial intelligence sectors to develop a critical approach towards the objects of their research and to feed in to the public dialogue constructively;
Amendment 188 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 a (new) 7a. Considers that the use of robotics and AI for the purposes of warfare should be strongly limited and regulated;
Amendment 189 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 b (new) 7b. Considers that special care should be taken in preparing robots or AI to perform tasks in positions of authority, for example performing the functions of the police, prison wardens/guards or security guards, teachers or any other state or civil servant role;
Amendment 19 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D D. whereas in the short to medium term robotics and AI promise to bring benefits of efficiency and savings, not only in production and commerce, but also in areas such as transport, medical care, education and farming, while making it possible to avoid exposing humans to dangerous conditions, such as those faced when cleaning up toxically polluted sites;
Amendment 190 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 c (new) 7c. Considers that special attention should be paid to the use or creation of anthropomorphised intelligent machines that can forge emotional bonds with man, causing an emotional attachment or deception;
Amendment 191 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 7 d (new) 7d. Considers that special attention should be paid to robots that represent a significant threat to confidentiality owing to their placement in traditionally protected and private spheres and because they are able to extract and send personal and sensitive data;
Amendment 195 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 Amendment 196 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 Amendment 197 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 Amendment 198 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 Amendment 199 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 Amendment 2 #
Motion for a resolution Citation 1 b (new) - having regard to Protocol (No 2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) on the application of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality,
Amendment 20 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D D. whereas in the short to medium term robotics and AI
Amendment 200 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 Amendment 201 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 8. Calls for the creation of a European Agency for robotics and artificial intelligence in order to provide the technical, ethical and regulatory expertise needed to support the relevant public actors, at both EU and Member State level, in their efforts to ensure a timely and well- informed response to the new opportunities and challenges arising from the technological development of robotics; in this respect, the European Agency for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence should manage the registration system for advanced robots, including the register;
Amendment 202 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 8 8. Calls for the creation of a European Agency, with its headquarters within Greek territory, for robotics and artificial intelligence in order to provide the technical, ethical and regulatory expertise
Amendment 203 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 Amendment 204 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 Amendment 205 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 Amendment 206 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 Amendment 207 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 Amendment 208 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 9. Considers that the potential of robotics use and the present investment dynamics as well as the possible risks of misguided implementation of the fruits of investment in robotics justify the European Agency being equipped with a proper budget and being staffed with regulators and external technical and ethical experts dedicated to the cross-sectorial and multidisciplinary monitoring of robotics- based applications, identifying standards for best practice, and, where appropriate and with the aim of preventing any emergencies, recommending regulatory measures, defining new principles and addressing potential consumer protection issues and systematic challenges; asks the Commission and the European Agency to report to the European Parliament on the
Amendment 209 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 9. Considers that the potential of robotics use and the present investment dynamics justify the European Agency being equipped with a proper budget and being staffed with regulators and external technical and ethical experts dedicated to the cross-sectorial and multidisciplinary monitoring of robotics-based applications, identifying standards for best practice, and, where appropriate, recommending regulatory measures, defining new principles and addressing potential consumer protection issues, protection of intellectual property and systematic challenges; asks the Commission and the European Agency to report to the European Parliament on the latest developments in robotics and on any actions that need to be taken on an annual basis;
Amendment 21 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D D. whereas in the short to medium term robotics and AI promise to bring benefits of efficiency and savings, not only in production and commerce, but also in areas such as transport, medical care, education and farming, while making it possible to avoid exposing humans to dangerous conditions, such as
Amendment 210 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 9. Considers that the potential of and the problems connected with robotics use and the present investment dynamics justify the European Agency being equipped with a proper budget and being staffed with regulators and external technical and
Amendment 211 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 9 a (new) 9 a. Considers that the European Agency for robotics and artificial intelligence should also be the authority responsible for awarding a certified and controlled "transparency label" to suppliers in order to identify products and services that guarantee data transparency;
Amendment 212 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 10 10. Notes that there are no legal provisions that specifically apply to robotics, but that existing legal regimes and doctrines can be readily applied to robotics while some aspects appear to need specific
Amendment 213 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 10 10. Notes that there are no legal provisions that specifically apply to robotics, but that existing legal regimes and doctrines can be readily applied to robotics while some aspects appear to need specific consideration; calls on the Commission to come forward with a balanced approach to intellectual property rights when applied to hardware and software standards, and codes that protect innovation and at the same time foster innovation;
Amendment 214 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 10 10. Notes that there are no legal provisions that specifically apply to robotics, but that existing legal regimes and doctrines can be readily applied to robotic when the time comes while some aspects appear to need specific consideration; calls on the Commission to come forward with a balanced approach to intellectual property rights when applied to hardware and software standards, and codes that protect innovation and at the same time foster innovation
Amendment 215 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 10 a (new) 10 a. recalls that in the Continental European understanding of authorship, the concept of 'intellectual creation' is tied to the author's personality, meant to apply to natural persons, and therefore artificial agents such as robots and artificial intelligence shall not be considered as authors, and information produced by them shall not be eligible to copyright protection;
Amendment 216 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 11. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to ensure that, in the development of any EU policy on robotics, privacy and data protection guarantees are embedded in line with the principles of necessity and proportionality; calls, in this regard, on the Commission to foster the development of standards for the concepts of privacy by design and privacy by default, informed consent and encryption, and highlights the risks of hacking, switching off or deleting the memories of cyber physical systems (CPS) integrated into human bodies, as this may pose a hazard to human health or, in an extreme case, human lives; therefore it stresses the priority of the protection of such systems;
Amendment 217 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 11. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to ensure that, in the development of any future EU policy on robotics, privacy and data protection guarantees are embedded in line with the principles of necessity and proportionality;
Amendment 218 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 11. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to ensure that, in the development of any EU policy on robotics, privacy and data protection guarantees are embedded in line with the principles of necessity and proportionality; calls, in this regard, on the Commission to foster the development of standards for the concepts of privacy by design and privacy and personal data protection by default, active informed consent and encryption;
Amendment 219 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 11. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to ensure that
Amendment 22 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D a (new) Da. whereas in the long-term, the current trend leans towards developing smart and autonomous machines, with the capacity to think and make decisions independently, holds not only economic advantages but also a variety of concerns regarding their direct and indirect effects on society as a whole;
Amendment 220 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 11. Calls on the Commission and the Member States to ensure that, in the development of any EU policy on robotics, privacy and data protection, including metadata protection, guarantees are embedded in line with the principles of necessity and proportionality; calls, in this regard, on the Commission to foster the development of standards for the concepts of privacy by design and privacy by default, informed consent and encryption;
Amendment 221 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 11. Calls on the Commission and the
Amendment 222 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 11 a (new) 11 a. Notes that the collection, processing, storing and analysing of big data – such as through autonomous vehicles – might require a change and further development of the current personal data protection regime;
Amendment 223 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 Amendment 224 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12. Points out that the
Amendment 225 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12.
Amendment 226 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12. Points out that the use of personal data as a 'currency' with which services can be 'bought' raises new issues in need of clarification; stresses that the use of personal data as a
Amendment 227 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12. Points out that the use of personal data as a 'currency' with which services can be 'bought' raises new issues in need of clarification; stresses that the use of personal data as a 'currency' must not lead to a circumvention of the basic principles governing the right to privacy and data protection; points out, at the same time, the importance of not preventing the flow of data, both within and outside the EU, as it is a fundamental condition for functioning robotics and artificial intelligence;
Amendment 228 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12.
Amendment 229 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12. Points out that the use of personal data as a 'currency' with which services can be 'bought' raises new issues in need of clarification; stresses that the use of personal data as a 'currency' must not lead to a circumvention of the basic principles governing the right to
Amendment 23 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D a (new) Da. whereas machine learning offers enormous economic and innovative benefits for society by vastly improving the ability to analyse data, while also raising challenges to ensure non- discrimination, due process, transparency and understandability in decision-making processes;
Amendment 230 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 12. Points out that the use of personal data as a 'currency' with which services can be 'bought' could potentially raise
Amendment 231 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 12 a (new) 12 a. Considers that algorithms not protected by copyright but protected otherwise, e.g. by trade-secrets, should be subject to the same possibility of reverse- engineering as copyright protected computer programmes; underlines the need for SMEs and non-digital industries to get access to technology in good competition conditions, in view of a swift and balanced development of robotic and artificial intelligence markets;
Amendment 232 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 13 13.
Amendment 233 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 13 13. Calls on the Commission to continue to work on the international harmonisation of technical standards, in particular together with the European Standardisation Organisations and the International Standardisation Organisation, in order to avoid fragmentation of the internal market and to meet consumers’ concerns; asks the Commission to analyse existing European legislation with a view to checking the need for adaption in light of the development of robotics and artificial intelligence; stresses the importance of open standards, including open source software and open source hardware to maximize the value of innovation and to ensure that robots can communicate with each other;
Amendment 234 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 13 13. Calls on the Commission to continue to work on the international harmonisation of technical standards, in particular together with the European Standardisation Organisations and the International Standardisation Organisation, in order to avoid fragmentation of the internal market
Amendment 235 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 13 13. Calls on the Commission to c
Amendment 236 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 14 14. Emphasises that testing robots in real-life scenarios is essential for the identification and assessment of the risks they might entail, as well as of their technological development beyond a pure experimental laboratory phase; underlines, in this regard, that testing of robots in real- life scenarios, in particular in cities and on roads, raises numerous problems
Amendment 237 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 14 14. Emphasises that testing robots in real-life scenarios is essential for the identification and assessment of the risks they might entail, as well as of their technological development beyond a pure experimental laboratory phase; underlines, in this regard, that testing of robots in real- life scenarios, in particular in cities and on roads, raises numerous problems and requires an effective monitoring mechanism; calls on the Commission to draw up uniform criteria across all Member States which individual Member States should use in order to identify areas where experiments with robots are permitted, in compliance with the precautionary principle;
Amendment 238 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 14 14. Emphasises that testing robots in real-life scenarios is essential for the identification and assessment of the risks they might entail, as well as of their technological development beyond a pure experimental laboratory phase; underlines, in this regard, that even though it is necessary, testing of robots in real-
Amendment 239 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 15. Considers that the automotive sector is in most urgent need of European and global rules to ensure the cross-border development of automated and autonomous vehicles so as to fully exploit their economic potential and benefit from the positive effects of technological trends; emphasises that fragmented regulatory approaches would hinder implementation and jeopardise European competitiveness and calls therefore on the Commission to ensure that the Member States seamlessly standardise existing legislation, such as the Vienna Convention; notes that although current private international law rules on traffic accidents applicable within the EU do not need urgent modification to accommodate the development of autonomous vehicles, simplifying the current dual system for defining applicable law (based on Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council4 and the 1971 Hague Convention on the law applicable to traffic accidents) would improve legal certainty and limit possibilities for forum shopping; __________________ 4 Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non- contractual obligations (Rome II) (OJ L 199 of 31/07/2007, p. 40).
Amendment 24 #
Motion for a resolution Recital D b (new) Db. whereas similarly, assessments of economic shifts and the impact on employment as a result of robotics and machine learning need to be assessed;
Amendment 240 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 15. Considers that a number of industrial sectors, and primarily the automotive sector is in most urgent need of European and global rules to ensure the cross-border development of automated vehicles so as to fully exploit their economic potential and benefit from the positive effects of technological trends; emphasises that fragmented regulatory approaches would probably hinder implementation and perhaps jeopardise European competitiveness, but could provide useful lessons; notes that although current private international law rules on traffic accidents applicable within the EU do not need urgent modification to accommodate the development of autonomous vehicles, simplifying the current dual system for defining applicable law (based on Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council4 and the 1971 Hague Convention on the law applicable to traffic accidents) would improve legal certainty and limit possibilities for forum shopping; __________________ 4 Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non- contractual obligations (Rome II) (OJ L 199, 31.7.2007, p. 40).
Amendment 241 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 15. Considers that the automotive sector is in most urgent need of European and global efficient rules to ensure the cross-border development of automated vehicles so as to fully exploit their economic potential and benefit from the positive effects of technological trends; emphasises that fragmented regulatory approaches would hinder implementation and jeopardise European competitiveness; notes that although current private international law rules on traffic accidents applicable within the EU do not need urgent modification to accommodate the development of autonomous vehicles, simplifying the current dual system for defining applicable law (based on Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council4 and the 1971 Hague Convention on the law applicable to traffic accidents) would improve legal certainty and limit possibilities for forum shopping; __________________ 4 Regulation (EC) No 864/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on the law applicable to non- contractual obligations (Rome II) (OJ L 199, 31.7.2007, p. 40).
Amendment 242 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 15. Considers that the automotive sector is
Amendment 243 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 a (new) (before heading ‘Care robots’) 15a. setting aside its positive impact on road safety, fuel consumption, the environment and the creation of new employment opportunities in the telecommunication and automotive sectors, the switch to automated vehicles might also lead to job losses in the transport sector and have consequences on the insurance sector, and these factors must therefore be taken into account;
Amendment 244 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 a (new) 15a. calls on the Commission, the Member States and industry to implement the goals from the Amsterdam Declaration on cooperation in the networked and automated driving sector as quickly as possible in order to remove the existing barriers to their cross-border application;
Amendment 245 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 15 a (new) 15a. Stresses the need to ensure a high level of security for the sharing of data in all forms of transport, between automated vehicles and transport infrastructure, that will be capable of securely transmitting large volumes of data;
Amendment 247 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 Amendment 248 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 Amendment 249 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 16. Points out that human contact is one of the fundamental aspects of human care and the manifestation and expression of human nature and dignity; believes that fully replacing the human factor with robots could dehumanise caring practices, would constitute a blow to the priorities and principles which govern the operation of medical and social care and would cast doubt upon the excellence of European practices, with care recipients having the ethical right to question the quality and value of the care provided;
Amendment 25 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by
Amendment 250 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 16. Points out that human contact is one of the fundamental aspects of human care; believes that replacing the human factor with robots
Amendment 251 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 16. Points out that human contact is one of the fundamental aspects of human care and must be preserved; believes that replacing the human factor with robots could dehumanise caring practices, the undesirable effects of which must be avoided to ensure that robotic technologies actually improve the quality of human lives;
Amendment 252 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 16. Points out that human contact is one of the fundamental aspects of human care; believes that replacing the human factor with robots could dehumanise caring practices, on the other hand, recognises that robots could support performing automated tasks of care and could facilitate the work of care assistants;
Amendment 253 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 16. Points out that human contact is one of the fundamental aspects of human care; believes that replacing the human factor with robots could dehumanise caring practices, and that it is therefore not legitimate;
Amendment 254 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 16 16. Points out that human contact is one of the fundamental aspects of human care; believes that r
Amendment 255 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 17. Underlines the importance of appropriate training and preparation for doctors and care assistants in order to secure the highest degree of professional competence possible, as well as to protect patients' health; underlines the need to define the minimum professional requirements that a surgeon must meet in order to be allowed to use surgical robots;
Amendment 256 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 17. Underlines the importance of appropriate training and preparation for doctors and
Amendment 257 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 17. Underlines the importance of appropriate training and preparation for doctors and care assistants in order to secure the highest degree of professional competence possible, as well as to protect patients' health; underlines the need to define the minimum professional requirements that a surgeon must meet in order to
Amendment 258 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 17. Underlines the importance of appropriate training and preparation for doctors and care assistants in order to secure the highest degree of professional competence possible, as well as to protect patients' health; underlines the need to define the minimum professional requirements that a surgeon must meet in order to be allowed to use surgical robots;
Amendment 259 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 17 a (new) 17 a. Believes that medicine robots continue to make inroads into the provision of high accuracy surgery and in performing repetitive procedures. They have the potential to improve outcomes in rehabilitation, and provide highly effective logistics support within hospitals;
Amendment 26 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas
Amendment 260 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes the great advances delivered by and further potential of robotics in the field of repairing and compensating for damaged organs and human functions, but also the complex questions raised in particular by the possibilities of human enhancement; asks for the establishment of committees on robot ethics in hospitals and
Amendment 261 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes the great potential of robotics in the field of repairing and compensating for damaged organs and human functions, but also the complex questions raised in particular by the possibilities of human enhancement, with confirmation, in parallel, of a prohibition on eugenic practices and a complete ban on the conversion of the human body and/or parts of it into a source of direct or indirect profit; asks for the establishment of committees on robot ethics in hospitals and other health care institutions tasked with considering and assisting in resolving unusual, complicated ethical problems involving issues that affect the care and
Amendment 262 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes the great potential of robotics in the field of repairing and compensating for damaged organs and human functions, but also the complex questions raised in particular by the possibilities of human enhancement, as they may fundamentally change our concepts about the healthy human body, particularly in the case of cyber physical systems (CPS) that can be worn directly on the human body or implanted in the human body; asks for the establishment of committees on robot ethics in hospitals and other health care institutions tasked with considering and assisting in resolving unusual, complicated ethical problems involving issues that affect the care and treatment of patients; calls on the Commission and the Member States to develop guidelines to aid in the establishment and functioning of such committees;
Amendment 263 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes the
Amendment 264 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes the great potential of robotics in the field of repairing and compensating for damaged organs and human functions, but also the complex questions raised in particular by the possibilities of human enhancement; asks for the establishment of appropriately staffed committees on robot ethics in hospitals and other health care institutions tasked with considering and assisting in resolving unusual, complicated ethical problems
Amendment 265 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes the great potential of robotics in the field of repairing and compensating for damaged organs and human functions, but also the complex questions raised in particular by the possibilities of human enhancement;
Amendment 266 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 18. Notes the great potential of robotics
Amendment 267 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 18 a (new) (before heading ‘Drones (RPAS)’) 18a. It should be a basic principle that nobody can be discriminated against because a cyber physical system (CPS) or another enabling technology is an integral part of their body, whether the smart technology has been implanted in the human body to treat a condition, compensate for a disability or improve the capabilities of the human body; in this respect, questions must be answered regarding the point at which humans cease to be humans and become robots, which may result in human rights being conferred on robots; research should be carried out to determine whether there is a difference between the rights of a robotic human (i.e. integrated with cyber physical systems) and those of a human robot (for example, the capacity to learn, feel emotions and potentially become conscious);
Amendment 268 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 19 19. Stresses the importance of a
Amendment 269 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 19 19. Stresses the importance of a European framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) to protect the safety, security and privacy of EU citizens, and calls on the Commission for a follow-
Amendment 27 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas over the past 200 years employment figures had persistently increased due to the technological development; whereas the development of robotics and AI may have the potential of job creation; whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of employment and the viability of social security systems if the current basis of taxation is maintained, creating the potential for increased inequality in the distribution of wealth and influence;
Amendment 270 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 19 19. Stresses the importance of a European framework for remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) to protect the safety, security and privacy of EU citizens, and calls on the Commission for a follow- up to the recommendations of the European Parliament resolution of 29 October 2015 on safe use and development of remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), in the field of civil aviation5; __________________ 5 Texts adopted, P8_TA(2015)0390.
Amendment 271 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 19 19. Stresses the importance of a European framework for
Amendment 272 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 20 20. Draws attention to the Commission's forecast that by 2020 Europe might be facing a shortage of up to 825 000 ICT professionals and that 90 % of jobs will require at least basic digital skills; welcomes the Commission’s initiative of proposing a roadmap for the possible use and revision of a Digital Competence framework and descriptors of Digital Competences for all levels of learners; stresses the importance of the flexibility of skills and emphasises the importance of life skills and social skills in education; is certain that, in addition to schools teaching academic knowledge, children need to acquire critical thinking skills to be able to question and creative skills to be able to put ideas into action, and that people need to engage in lifelong learning and put what they learn into practice throughout their lives; stresses that digital competences need to be part of the basic curriculum;
Amendment 273 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 20 20. Draws attention to the Commission's forecast that by 2020 Europe might be facing a shortage of up to 825 000 ICT professionals and that 90 % of jobs will require at least basic digital skills; welcomes the Commission’s initiative of proposing a roadmap for the possible use and revision of a Digital Competence framework
Amendment 274 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 20 20. Draws attention to the Commission's forecast that by 2020 Europe might be facing a shortage of up to 825 000 ICT professionals and that 90 % of jobs will require at least basic digital skills; welcomes the Commission’s initiative of
Amendment 275 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 20 a (new) 20 a. Strongly believes that in the medium term robotics technology will have a far more influential effect on the competitiveness of non -manufacturing industries such as agriculture, transport, healthcare, security and utilities;
Amendment 276 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 21 Amendment 277 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 21 21. Considers that getting more young women interested in a digital career and placing more women in digital jobs would benefit the digital industry, women themselves and Europe's economy, particularly with regard to how this increases the options for distance working and supports motherhood in combination with the maintenance of a decent income and contribution to the economy, demographic well-being and locality; calls on the Commission and the Member States to launch initiatives in order to support women in ICT and to boost their e-skills;
Amendment 278 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 21 21. Considers that getting more young women interested in a digital career
Amendment 279 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 22 22. Calls on the Commission to start monitoring job trends more closely, with a special focus on the creation and loss of jobs in the different fields/areas of qualification
Amendment 28 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots,
Amendment 280 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 22 22. Calls on the Commission to start monitoring job trends more closely, with a special focus on the creation
Amendment 281 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 22 22. Calls on the Commission to start monitoring job trends more closely, with a special focus on the creation and evaluation of loss of jobs in the different fields/areas of qualification in order to know in which fields jobs are being created and those in which jobs are being destroyed as a result of the increased use of robots, with a view to taking measures for development or enhancement, as appropriate;
Amendment 282 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 22 22. Calls on the Commission to start monitoring medium-term and long-term job trends more closely, with a special focus on the creation and loss of jobs in the different fields/areas of qualification in order to know in which fields jobs are being created and those in which jobs are being destroyed as a result
Amendment 283 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 22 22. Calls on the Commission to
Amendment 284 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 Amendment 285 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 Amendment 286 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 Amendment 287 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 23.
Amendment 288 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 23. Bearing in mind the effects that the development and deployment of robotics and AI might have on employment and, consequently, on the viability of the social security systems of the Member States
Amendment 289 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 23.
Amendment 29 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of employment and the viability of social security systems
Amendment 290 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 23. Bearing in mind the effects that the development and deployment of robotics and AI might have on employment and, consequently, on the viability of the social security systems of the Member States,
Amendment 291 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 23. Bearing in mind the effects that the development and deployment of robotics and AI might have on employment and, consequently, on the viability of the social security systems of the Member States, an answer must be found to the question of how it is possible to create new and sustainable social security systems; furthermore, consideration should be given to the possible need to introduce corporate reporting requirements on the extent and proportion of the contribution of robotics and AI to the economic results of a company for the purpose of taxation and social security contributions; takes the view that in the light of the possible effects on the labour market of robotics and AI
Amendment 292 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 23. Bearing in mind the effects that the development and deployment of robotics and AI might have on employment and, consequently, on the viability of the social security systems of the Member States, consideration should be given to the possible need to introduce corporate reporting requirements on the extent and
Amendment 293 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 23. Bearing in mind the effects that the development and deployment of robotics and AI might have on employment and, consequently, on the viability of the social security systems of the Member States, consideration should be given to the
Amendment 294 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 23. Bearing in mind the effects that the development and
Amendment 295 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 a (new) 23a. Calls on the Commission to develop an analysis of the employment challenges and structural opportunities inherent in constant technological growth, and to accompany such growth with a suitable legislative framework which is easy to keep up-to-date;
Amendment 296 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 23 b (new) 23b. Highlights the importance of foreseeing changes to society following the new industrial revolution in robotics, and the need to start considering changing the working hours/income paradigm, creating new employment sustainability models, including through the introduction of a minimum citizens’ income;
Amendment 297 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 24 24. Considers that
Amendment 298 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 24 24. Considers that robots' and artificial intelligence's civil liability is a crucial issue which needs to be addressed at EU level so as to ensure the same degree of transparency, consistency and legal certainty throughout the European Union for the benefit of consumers and businesses alike;
Amendment 299 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 24 24. Considers that robots’ civil liability is a crucial issue which needs to be addressed at EU level so as to ensure the same degree of efficiency, transparency, consistency, implementation and legal certainty throughout the European Union for the benefit of consumers and businesses alike;
Amendment 3 #
Motion for a resolution Citation 2 a (new) - having regard to the Product Liability Directive 85/374/EEC ;
Amendment 30 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas at the same time the investments in innovation and the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of employment and retraining and the viability of social security systems if the current basis of taxation is maintained, creating the
Amendment 300 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 24 24. Considers that robots' civil liability is a crucial issue which needs to be addressed at EU level so as to ensure the same degree of transparency, consistency and legal certainty throughout the European Union for the benefit of consumers
Amendment 301 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 24 24. Considers that robots' civil liability is a crucial issue which will need
Amendment 302 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 24 a (new) 24 a. Notes that development of robotics technology will require more understanding for the common ground needed around joint human-robot activity, which should be based on two core interdependence relationships as predictability and directability; points out that these two interdependence relationships are crucial for determining what information need to be shared between humans and robots and how a common basis between humans and robots can be achieved in order to enable smooth human-robot joint action;
Amendment 303 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 25 25. Asks the Commission to submit, on the basis of Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a proposal for a legislative instrument on legal questions related to the development of robotics and artificial intelligence foreseeable in the next 10-15 years, following the detailed recommendations set out in the annex hereto;
Amendment 304 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 25 25. Asks the Commission to submit, on the basis of Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a proposal for a legislative instrument on legal questions related to the development of robotics and artificial intelligence
Amendment 305 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 25 25. Asks the Commission to submit, on the basis of Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a
Amendment 306 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 25 25. Asks the Commission to submit, on the basis of Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a proposal for a legislative instrument on legal questions related to the development and use of robotics and artificial intelligence foreseeable in the next 10-15 years, following the detailed recommendations set out in the annex hereto; further calls on the Commission, once technological developments allow the possibility for robots whose degree of autonomy is higher than what is reasonably predictable at present to be developed, to propose an update of the relevant legislation
Amendment 307 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 25 25. Asks the Commission to submit, on the basis of Article 114 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, a proposal for a legislative instrument on legal questions related to the development of robotics and artificial intelligence foreseeable in the next 10-15 years,
Amendment 308 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 26 Amendment 309 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 26 Amendment 31 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans, not only manual but also intellectual work, being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of employment and the viability of social security systems if the current basis of taxation is maintained, creating the potential for increased inequality in the distribution of wealth and influence;
Amendment 310 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 27 Amendment 311 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 27 Amendment 312 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 27 27. Considers that the future legislative instrument should
Amendment 313 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 27 27. Considers that the future legislative instrument should provide for the application of strict liability as a rule, thus requiring only proof, within the context of necessity and proportionality, that damage has occurred and the establishment of a causal link between the harmful behaviour of the robot and the damage suffered by the injured party;
Amendment 314 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 27 a (new) 27a. Notes at the same time that strict liability requires only proof that damage has occurred and the establishment of a causal link between the harmful functioning of the robot and the damage suffered by the injured party;
Amendment 315 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 27 b (new) 27b. Notes that the risk management approach does not focus on the person "who acted negligently" as individually liable but on the person who is able, under certain circumstances, to minimize risks and deal with negative impact;
Amendment 316 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 Amendment 317 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 Amendment 318 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 Amendment 319 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 28. Considers that, in principle, once the ultimately responsible parties have been identified, their liability would be proportionate to the actual level of instructions given to the robot and of its autonomy, so that the greater a robot's learning capability or autonomy is, the lower other parties' responsibility should be, and the longer a robot's 'education' has lasted, the greater the responsibility of its 'teacher' should be; notes, in particular, that skills resulting from
Amendment 32 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of
Amendment 320 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 28. Considers that, in principle, once the ultimately responsible parties have been identified, their liability
Amendment 321 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 28. Considers that, in principle, once the ultimately responsible parties have been identified, their liability would be proportionate to the actual level of instructions given to the robot and of its autonomy, so that the greater a robot's learning capability or autonomy is, the lower other parties' responsibility should be, and the longer a robot's 'education' has lasted, the greater the responsibility of its 'teacher' should be; notes, in particular, that skills resulting from '
Amendment 322 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 a (new) 28 a. Proposes to make the documentation of AI's and robots' actions mandatory, in order to help attribute fault when accidents occur; encourages design methods making AI's and robots' behaviours ethically and/or legally verifiable, allowing to provide for certain elements of proof about the causal link between the actions and the principles being obeyed through the software programme, such design element being subject to monitoring and inquiry in a human-accessible way;
Amendment 323 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 a (new) 28a. Draws attention to the fact that driver reaction time in the event that a driver unexpectedly has to take control of a vehicle is crucial and calls, therefore, on the stakeholders to provide for realistic values when it comes to determining safety and liability issues;
Amendment 324 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 28 a (new) 28a. Considers, in any case, that responsibility must always lie with a human and never a robot;
Amendment 325 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 29 29. Points out that a possible solution
Amendment 326 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 29 29. Points out that a possible solution to the complexity of allocating responsibility for damage caused by increasingly autonomous robots could be an obligatory insurance scheme, as is already the case, for instance, with cars; notes, nevertheless, that unlike the insurance system for road traffic, where the insurance covers human acts and failures, an insurance system for robotics could be based on the obligation of the producer or owner or user to take out an insurance for the autonomous robots
Amendment 327 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 29 29. Points out that a possible solution to the complexity of allocating responsibility for damage caused by increasingly autonomous robots could be an obligatory insurance scheme, as is already the case, for instance, with cars; notes, nevertheless, that unlike the insurance system for road traffic, where the insurance covers human acts and failures, an insurance system for robotics could be based on the obligation of the producer and owner to take out an insurance for the autonomous robots
Amendment 328 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 29 29. Points out that a possible solution to the complexity of allocating responsibility for damage caused by increasingly autonomous robots could be an obligatory insurance scheme, as is already the case, for instance, with cars; notes, nevertheless, that unlike the insurance system for road traffic, where the insurance covers human acts and failures, an insurance system for robotics
Amendment 329 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 29 29. Points out that a possible solution to the complexity of allocating responsibility for damage caused by increasingly autonomous robots could be an obligatory insurance scheme, as is already the case, for instance, with cars; notes, nevertheless, that unlike the insurance system for road traffic, where the insurance covers human acts and failures, an insurance system for robotics could be based on the obligation of the producer to take out an insurance for the autonomous robots it produces;
Amendment 33 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of employment and the viability of social security systems if the current basis of taxation is maintained, creating the undesirable potential for increased inequality in the distribution of wealth and influence;
Amendment 330 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 30 Amendment 331 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 30 30. Considers that, as is the case with the insurance of motor vehicles, such an insurance system could be supplemented by a fund in order to ensure that reparation can be made for damage in cases where no insurance cover exists; this fund should be endowed by an annual fixed percentage to be paid by any private company that wishes to invest in the robotics sector; calls on the insurance industry to develop new products that are in line with the advances in robotics;
Amendment 332 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 30 30. Considers that, as is the case with the insurance of motor vehicles, such an insurance system could be supplemented by a fund, without State capital involvement, in order to ensure that reparation can be made for damage in cases where, improperly and illegally, no insurance cover exists; calls on the insurance industry to develop new and competitive products that are duly in line with the advances in and needs of robotics;
Amendment 333 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 30 30. Considers that, as is the case with the insurance of motor vehicles, such an insurance system could be supplemented by a fund in order to ensure that reparation can be made for damage in cases where no insurance cover exists; calls on the insurance industry to develop new products and types of offers that are in line with the advances in robotics;
Amendment 334 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – introductory part 31. Calls on the Commission, when carrying out an impact assessment of its future legislative instrument, to explore, analyse and consult the implications of all possible legal solutions, such as:
Amendment 335 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – introductory part 31. Calls on the Commission, when carrying out an impact assessment of its potential future legislative instrument, to explore the implications of all possible legal solutions, such as:
Amendment 336 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point a a) establishing a compulsory insurance scheme where relevant and necessary for specific subcategories of robots whereby, similarly to what already happens with cars, producers or owners of robots would be required to take out insurance cover for the damage potentially caused by their robots;
Amendment 337 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point a a) establishing a
Amendment 338 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point a a (new) aa) introducing a suitable instrument for consumers who wish to collectively claim compensation for damages deriving from the malfunction of intelligent machines from the manufacturing companies responsible;
Amendment 339 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point b Amendment 34 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E E. whereas at the same time the development of robotics and AI may result in a large part of the work now done by humans being taken over by robots, so raising concerns about the future of
Amendment 340 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point b b) ensuring that a compensation fund would
Amendment 341 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point b b) ensuring that a compensation fund would
Amendment 342 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point b b) ensuring that a compensation fund, endowed by an annual fixed percentage paid by any private company that wishes to invest in the robotics sector, would not only serve the purpose of guaranteeing compensation if the damage caused by a robot was not covered by an insurance – which would in any case remain its primary goal – but also that of allowing various financial operations in the interests of the robot, such as investments, donations or payments made to smart autonomous robots for their services, which could be transferred to the fund;
Amendment 343 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point b b) ensuring that a compensation fund would not only serve the purpose of guaranteeing compensation if the damage caused by a robot was not covered by an insurance – which would in any case remain its primary goal – but also that of allowing various financial operations
Amendment 344 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point c Amendment 345 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point c c) allowing the manufacturer, the programmer, the owner or the user to
Amendment 346 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point d d
Amendment 347 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point d d
Amendment 348 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point e Amendment 349 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point f Amendment 35 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E a (new) Ea. whereas the development of Robotics and AI will definitely influence the landscape of the workplace what may create new liability concerns and eliminate others; whereas the legal responsibility need to be clarified from both business sight model, as well as the workers design pattern, in case emergency or problems occur;
Amendment 350 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point f f)
Amendment 351 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point f f) proposing an update of the relevant legislation once technological developments allow the possibility for robots whose degree of autonomy is higher than what is reasonably predictable at present to be developed; creating a specific legal status for robots, so that at least the most sophisticated autonomous robots could be established as having the status of electronic persons with specific rights and obligations, including that of making good any damage they may cause, and applying electronic personality to cases where robots make smart autonomous decisions or otherwise interact with third parties independently;
Amendment 352 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point f f)
Amendment 353 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point f f) possibility of creating a specific legal status for robots, so that at least the most sophisticated autonomous robots could be established as having the status of electronic persons with specific rights and obligations, including that of making good any damage they may cause, and possibility to applying electronic personality to cases where robots make smart autonomous decisions or otherwise interact with third parties independently;
Amendment 354 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point f a (new) f a) creating rules as to certain robots and artificial intelligence appliances to cease to function at any time a producer or owner so decides in a safe manner, thereby enabling human control, while taking into account the ethical aspects involved; to consider how a smart robot could, should this be necessary, cease to interact with other appliances or robots, in particular in the framework of Internet of Things;
Amendment 355 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 31 – point aa (new) aa) robots manufactured outside the European Union and imported into its territory must also be covered by mandatory insurance;
Amendment 356 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 32 32. Notes the need also to consider proportionate and necessary amendments to international agreements such as the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and the Hague Traffic Accident Convention;
Amendment 357 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 32 32. Notes the potential need also to consider amendments to international agreements such as the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic and the Hague Traffic Accident Convention;
Amendment 358 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 32 a (new) 32a. Stresses that no deviation from the principles set out in human rights conventions must be allowed;
Amendment 359 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 33 33. Strongly encourages international cooperation in the scrutiny of societal, ethical and legal challenges and thereafter setting regulatory standards under the auspices of the United Nations;
Amendment 36 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E a (new) Ea. whereas robotics and AI that can perform similar tasks to those performed by humans should be used mainly to support and boost the abilities of man, as opposed to trying to replace the human element completely;
Amendment 360 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 33 33. Strongly encourages international cooperation in setting binding regulatory standards and in the exchange of best practices under the auspices of the United Nations;
Amendment 361 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 33 33. Strongly encourages international cooperation
Amendment 362 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 35 Amendment 363 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 37 37. Considers that the requested proposal will not have any financial implications, while at the same time it gives an opportunity for the harmonious development and support of positive budget resources;
Amendment 364 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 37 37. Considers that the requested
Amendment 365 #
Motion for a resolution Paragraph 37 37. Considers that the requested
Amendment 366 #
Motion for a resolution Annex ANNEX TO THE MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION: DETAILED RECOMMENDATIONS
Amendment 367 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Registration of 'smart robots'’) For the purposes of traceability and in
Amendment 368 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Civil law liability’) Amendment 369 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Civil law liability’) Any chosen legal solution applied to
Amendment 37 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E a (new) Ea. whereas the widespread and increasingly frequent use of robotics and AI has unmistakably provoked a variety of reactions and objections;
Amendment 370 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 2 (after subheading ‘Civil law liability’) Amendment 371 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 a (new) (after subheading ‘Civil law liability’) Any policy decision on the civil liability rules applicable to robots and artificial intelligence should be taken with due consultation of a European-wide research and development project dedicated to robotics and neuroscience, with scientists and experts able to assess all related risks and consequences;
Amendment 372 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Interoperability, access to code and intellectual property rights’) The interoperability of network-connected autonomous robots that interact with each other should be ensured. Access to the source code, input data, and construction details should be available when needed
Amendment 373 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 2 (after subheading ‘Interoperability, access to code and intellectual property rights’) Amendment 374 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 2 (after subheading ‘Interoperability, access to code and intellectual property rights’) Amendment 375 #
Motion for a resolution Annex (after subheading ‘Disclosure of use of robots and artificial intelligence by undertakings’) Amendment 376 #
Motion for a resolution Annex (after subheading ‘Disclosure of use of robots and artificial intelligence by undertakings’) Amendment 377 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Charter on Robotics’) The Commission, when proposing legislation or non-legislative initiative relating to robotics, should take into account the principles enshrined in the following Charter on Robotics.
Amendment 378 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 2 (after heading ‘CHARTER ON ROBOTICS’) The framework, made in consultation with a European-wide research and development project dedicated to robotics and neuroscience, must be designed in a reflective manner that allows individual adjustments to be made on a case-by-case basis in order to assess whether a given behaviour is right or wrong in a given situation and to take decisions in accordance with a pre-set hierarchy of values.
Amendment 379 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 3 (after heading ‘CHARTER ON ROBOTICS’) The code should not replace the need to tackle all
Amendment 38 #
Motion for a resolution Recital E a (new) Ea. whereas assessing the impact of the automation of jobs could benefit from a European debate on the desirability of a universal basic income;
Amendment 380 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Fundamental Rights’) Robotics research activities should respect fundamental rights and be conducted in the
Amendment 381 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – (after subheading ‘Precaution’) Amendment 382 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Accountability’) Robotics engineers should remain accountable
Amendment 383 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Privacy’) The right to privacy must always be respected. A robotics engineer should ensure that private information is kept secure and only used appropriately. Moreover, a robotics engineer should
Amendment 384 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 (after subheading ‘Maximising benefit and minimising harm’) Researchers should seek to maximise the benefits of their work at all stages, from inception through to dissemination. Harm to research participants/human subject/an experiment, trial, or study participant or subject must be avoided. Where risks arise as an unavoidable and integral element of the research, robust risk assessment and
Amendment 385 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – paragraph 1 a (new) (after subheading ‘Monitoring’) Stresses that recommendations regarding licences are not binding and therefore should respect contractual freedom and leave room for innovative licensing regimes;
Amendment 386 #
Motion for a resolution Annex – bullepoint 1 (after subheading ‘LICENCE FOR DESIGNERS’) • You should take into account the European values of dignity, autonomy and self-determination, freedom and justice before, during and after the process of design, development and delivery of such technologies including the need not to harm, injure, deceive or exploit
Amendment 39 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F F. whereas the causes for concern also include physical safety, for example when a robot
Amendment 4 #
Motion for a resolution Citation 3 — having regard to the report of the Committee on Legal Affairs and the opinions of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, the Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety, the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy, the Committee on Transport and Tourism, the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs and the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (A8-0000/2016),
Amendment 40 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F F. whereas the
Amendment 41 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F F. whereas the causes for concern are not only of moral and ethical nature but they also
Amendment 42 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F F. whereas the causes for concern also include physical safety, for example when a robot
Amendment 43 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F F. whereas, more specifically, the causes for concern also include physical safety, for example when a robot's code proves fallible, and the potential consequences of system failure or hacking of connected robots and robotic systems at a time when increasingly autonomous applications come into use or are impending whether it be in relation to cars and drones or to care robots and robots used for maintaining public order and policing;
Amendment 44 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F F. whereas the causes for concern
Amendment 45 #
Motion for a resolution Recital F a (new) Fa. whereas the main concern is the alienation of human nature itself from the unconditional – beyond the financial gain that may be derived – development of robotics adopted, unfortunately, by most industry professionals; whereas internationally acknowledged scholars such as Steven Hawking have expressed objections regarding the development of technical intelligence;
Amendment 46 #
Motion for a resolution Recital G G. whereas
Amendment 47 #
Motion for a resolution Recital G G. whereas many basic questions of data protection and fully respecting such data have already become the subject of consideration in the general contexts of the internet and e-commerce, but whereas further aspects of data ownership and possession and the protection of personal data and privacy might still need to be addressed, given that applications and appliances will communicate with each other and with databases without humans intervening or possibly without their even being aware of what is going on;
Amendment 48 #
Motion for a resolution Recital G G. whereas many basic questions of data protection have already become the subject of consideration in the general contexts of the internet and e-commerce, but whereas further aspects of data ownership and the protection of personal data and privacy
Amendment 49 #
Motion for a resolution Recital G G. whereas
Amendment 5 #
Motion for a resolution Recital A Amendment 50 #
Motion for a resolution Recital G a (new) Ga. whereas the protection of intellectual property rights is recognised under Article 17(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and whereas it is necessary to come forward with a balanced approach to intellectual property rights when applied to hardware and software standards and codes that protect innovation and at the same time foster innovation; whereas criteria need to be drawn up for ‘intellectual creation’ of copyrightable works produced by computers or robots;
Amendment 51 #
Motion for a resolution Recital G a (new) Ga. whereas the increasingly widespread use of social media and smartphones, which are constantly collecting and generating data, is causing the volume of data produced all over the world, so-called ‘Big Data’, to grow exponentially, and whereas 90% of the data in circulation today has been generated in the last two years;
Amendment 52 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H H. whereas the
Amendment 53 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H H. whereas the full range of 'soft impacts' on human dignity may be difficult to estimate,
Amendment 54 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H H. whereas the ‘soft impacts’ on human dignity may be difficult to estimate, but will still need to be considered if and when robots replace human care
Amendment 55 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H H. whereas
Amendment 56 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H H. whereas the 'soft impacts' on human dignity may be difficult to estimate, but will still need to be considered if and when robots replace human care and companionship, and whereas questions of human dignity also can arise in the context of 'repairing' or enhancing human beings and human dignity must always remain priority;
Amendment 57 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H H. whereas the
Amendment 58 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H H. whereas the 'soft impacts' on human dignity may be difficult to estimate, but will still need to be considered i
Amendment 59 #
Motion for a resolution Recital H H. whereas the ‘soft impacts’ on human dignity may be difficult to estimate, but will still need to be considered if and when robots replace human care and
Amendment 6 #
Motion for a resolution Recital A Amendment 60 #
Motion for a resolution Recital I Amendment 61 #
Motion for a resolution Recital I I. whereas ultimately there is a possibility that within the space of a few decades AI could surpass human intellectual capacity in a manner
Amendment 62 #
Motion for a resolution Recital I I. whereas ultimately there is a possibility that within the space of a few decades AI could surpass human intellectual capacity in a manner which, if not
Amendment 63 #
Motion for a resolution Recital I I. whereas ultimately there is a possibility that within the space of a few decades AI could surpass human intellectual capacity to some degree in a manner which, if not prepared for, could pose a challenge to humanity's capacity to control its own creation and, consequently, perhaps also to its capacity to be in charge of its own destiny and to ensure the survival of the species;
Amendment 64 #
Motion for a resolution Recital I I. whereas ultimately there is a possibility that
Amendment 65 #
Motion for a resolution Recital I a (new) Ia. whereas further development and increased use of automated and algorithmic decision-making undoubtedly has an impact on the choices that a private person (such as a business or an internet user) and an administrative, judicial or other public authority take in rendering their final decision of a consumer, business or authoritative nature; whereas safeguards and the possibility of human control and verification need to be built into the process of automated and algorithmic decision-making;
Amendment 66 #
Motion for a resolution Recital J J. whereas several foreign jurisdictions, such as the US, Japan, China and South Korea, are considering, and to a certain extent have already taken, regulatory action with respect to robotics and AI, and whereas some Member States who play a significant role in the further development of advanced robotics and artificial intelligence have also started to reflect on possible legislative changes in order to take account of emerging applications of such technologies;
Amendment 67 #
Motion for a resolution Recital J J. whereas several foreign jurisdictions, such as the US, Japan, China and South Korea, are considering, and to a certain extent have already taken, regulatory action with respect to robotics and AI, and whereas some Member States have also started to reflect on possible legislative changes in order to take account of emerging applications of such technologies and determine the course of their evolution;
Amendment 68 #
Motion for a resolution Recital J J. whereas several foreign jurisdictions, such as the US, Japan, China and South Korea, are considering, and to a certain extent have already taken, regulatory action with respect to robotics and AI, and whereas some Member States have also started to reflect on
Amendment 69 #
Motion for a resolution Recital K K. whereas
Amendment 7 #
Motion for a resolution Recital A B. whereas now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence ("AI") seem poised to unleash a new
Amendment 70 #
Motion for a resolution Recital K K. whereas European industry could benefit from a coherent approach to regulation at European level, providing predictable and sufficiently clear conditions under which enterprises could develop applications and plan their medium- and macro-business models on a European scale while ensuring that the EU and its Member States maintain control over the regulatory standards to be set, so as not to be forced to adopt and live with standards set by others, that is to say on the basis of the priorities of economic capitals and industries or the third states which are also at the forefront of the development of robotics and AI;
Amendment 71 #
Motion for a resolution Recital K K. whereas European industry could benefit from a
Amendment 72 #
Motion for a resolution Recital K K. whereas once technologies emerge and mature, European industry could benefit from a coherent approach to regulation at European level, providing predictable and sufficiently clear conditions under which enterprises could develop applications and plan their business models on a European scale while ensuring that the EU and its Member States maintain control over the regulatory standards to be set, so as not to be forced to adopt and live with standards set by others, that is to say the third states which are also at the forefront of the development of robotics and AI;
Amendment 73 #
Motion for a resolution Recital L Amendment 74 #
Motion for a resolution Recital L L. whereas
Amendment 75 #
Motion for a resolution Recital M M. whereas
Amendment 76 #
Motion for a resolution Recital M M. whereas, nevertheless, a series of rules, governing in particular liability and ethics and reflecting the intrinsically European and humanistic values that characterise Europe's contribution to society, are necessary; whereas those rules must not affect the process of research, innovation and development in robotics;
Amendment 77 #
Motion for a resolution Recital M M. whereas
Amendment 78 #
Motion for a resolution Recital M M. whereas, nevertheless, a series of efficient rules, governing in particular liability and ethics and reflecting the intrinsically European and humanistic values that characterise Europe's contribution to society, are necessary;
Amendment 79 #
Motion for a resolution Recital M M. whereas, nevertheless, a series of rules, governing in particular liability and ethics and reflecting the intrinsically
Amendment 80 #
Motion for a resolution Recital M M. whereas, nevertheless, a series of rules, governing in particular liability and ethics and reflecting the intrinsically European
Amendment 81 #
Motion for a resolution Recital N N. whereas the European Union could play an essential role in establishing basic ethical principles to be respected in the development, programming and use of robots and AI and in the incorporation of such principles into European regulations and codes of conduct, with the aim of shaping the technological revolution so that it serves humanity and so that the benefits of advanced robotics and AI are broadly shared, while as far as possible avoiding potential pitfalls for the general population and well-governed and prosperous society and the risk of structural failures of the European Union in comparison with third countries;
Amendment 82 #
Motion for a resolution Recital N N. whereas the European Union could play an essential role in establishing basic ethical principles to be respected in the design, development, programming and use of robots and AI and in the incorporation of such principles into European regulations and codes of conduct, with the aim of shaping the technological revolution so that it serves humanity and so that the benefits of advanced robotics and AI are broadly shared, while as far as possible avoiding potential pitfalls and risks;
Amendment 83 #
Motion for a resolution Recital N N. whereas the European Union
Amendment 84 #
Motion for a resolution Recital N N. whereas the European Union could play an essential role in establishing basic ethical principles to be respected in the development, programming and use of robots and AI and in the incorporation of such principles into
Amendment 85 #
Motion for a resolution Recital O Amendment 86 #
Motion for a resolution Recital O O. whereas a gradualist, pragmatic cautious approach of the type advocated by Jean Monnet2 should be adopted for Europe with the purpose of avoiding over- regulation at a too early stage and mandatory obligations for Member States; __________________ 2 the Schuman Declaration (1950: "Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity."
Amendment 87 #
Motion for a resolution Recital O O. whereas a gradualist, pragmatic and cautious approach, of the type advocated by Jean Monnet,2 should be adopted for Europe
Amendment 88 #
Motion for a resolution Recital O O. whereas a gradualist, pragmatic, cautious and weighted approach of the type advocated by Jean Monnet2 should be adopted for Europe; __________________ 2 the Schuman Declaration (1950: “Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity”.
Amendment 9 #
Motion for a resolution Recital B B. whereas now that humankind stands on the threshold of an era when ever more sophisticated robots, bots, androids and other manifestations of artificial intelligence (
Amendment 90 #
Motion for a resolution Recital P P. whereas it is appropriate, in view of the stage reached in the development of robotics and AI, to start with civil liability issues
Amendment 91 #
Motion for a resolution Recital P P. whereas it is appropriate, in view of the stage reached in the development of robotics and AI, to start
Amendment 92 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Q Q. whereas, thanks to the impressive technological advances of the last decade, not only are today's robots able to perform activities which used to be typically and exclusively human, but the development of autonomous and cognitive features – e.g. the ability to learn from experience and take independent decisions – has made them more and more similar to agents that interact with their environment and are able to alter it significantly; whereas, in such a context, the legal responsibility arising from a robot’s harmful action becomes a crucial issue, but such legal responsibility has yet to be strictly and properly defined;
Amendment 93 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Q Q. whereas, thanks to the impressive technological advances of the last decade, not only are today's robots able to perform activities which used to be typically and exclusively human, but the development of certain autonomous and cognitive features – e.g. the ability to learn from experience and take quasi-independent decisions – has made them more and more similar to agents that interact with their environment and are able to alter it significantly; whereas, in such a context, the legal responsibility arising
Amendment 94 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Q Q. whereas, thanks to the impressive technological advances of the last decade, not only are today's robots able to perform activities which used to be typically and exclusively human, but the development of autonomous and cognitive features – e.g. the ability to learn from experience and take independent decisions – has made them more and more similar to agents that interact with their environment and are able to
Amendment 95 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Q Q. whereas, thanks to the impressive technological advances of the last decade, not only are today's robots able to perform activities which used to be typically and exclusively human, but the development of autonomous and cognitive features – e.g. the ability to learn from experience and take independent decisions – has made them more and more similar to agents that interact with their environment and are able to alter it significantly; whereas, in such a context, the legal responsibility arising from a robot
Amendment 96 #
Motion for a resolution Recital Q Q. whereas, thanks to the impressive technological advances of the last decade, not only are today's robots able to perform activities which used to be typically and exclusively human, but the development of autonomous and cognitive features – e.g. the ability to learn from experience and take independent decisions – has made them more and more similar to agents that interact with their environment and are able to alter it significantly; whereas, in such a context, the legal responsibility arising from a robot’s harmful action becomes a
Amendment 97 #
Motion for a resolution Recital R R. whereas
Amendment 98 #
Motion for a resolution Recital R R. whereas a robot's autonomy can be defined as the ability to take decisions and implement them in the outside world, independently of external control or influence, in theory; whereas this autonomy is of a purely technological nature and its degree depends on how sophisticated a robot's interaction with its environment has been designed to be;
Amendment 99 #
Motion for a resolution Recital S source: 592.395
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History
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